Notes

Blood potassium: The monitor to formulate salinity resistant vegetation.
As one of the most serious threats to human being, cancer is hard to be treated when metastasis happens. What's worse, there are few identified targets of metastasis for drug development. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies to prevent metastasis or treat existed metastasis. This review focuses on the procedure of metastasis, and first summarizes the targeting delivery strategies, including primary tumor targeting drug delivery, tumor metastasis targeting drug delivery and hijacking circulation cells. Then, as a promising treatment, the application of immunotherapy in tumor metastasis treatment is introduced, and strategies that stimulating immune response are reviewed, including chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, ferroptosis, sonodynamic therapy, and nanovaccines. Finally, the challenges and perspective about nanoparticle-enabled tumor metastasis treatment are discussed.Tumor vasculature is characterized by aberrant structure and function, resulting in immune suppressive profiles of tumor microenvironment through limiting immune cell infiltration into tumors, endogenous immune surveillance and immune cell function. Vascular normalization as a novel therapeutic strategy tends to prune some of the immature blood vessels and fortify the structure and function of the remaining vessels, thus improving immune stimulation and the efficacy of immunotherapy. Interestingly, the presence of "immune‒vascular crosstalk" enables the formation of a positive feedback loop between vascular normalization and immune reprogramming, providing the possibility to develop new cancer therapeutic strategies. The applications of nanomedicine in vascular-targeting therapy in cancer have gained increasing attention due to its specific physical and chemical properties. Here, we reviewed the recent advances of effective routes, especially nanomedicine, for normalizing tumor vasculature. We also summarized the development of enhancing nanoparticle-based anticancer drug delivery via the employment of transcytosis and mimicking immune cell extravasation. This review explores the potential to optimize nanomedicine-based therapeutic strategies as an alternative option for cancer treatment.Neurological diseases account for a significant portion of the global disease burden. While research efforts have identified potential drugs or drug targets for neurological diseases, most therapeutic platforms are still ineffective at reaching the target location selectively and with high yield. Restricted transport, including passage across the blood-brain barrier, through the brain parenchyma, and into specific cells, is a major cause of ineffective therapeutic delivery. read more However, nanotechnology is a promising, tailorable platform for overcoming these transport barriers and improving therapeutic delivery to the brain. We provide a transport-oriented analysis of nanotechnology's ability to navigate these transport barriers in the brain. We also provide an opinion on the need for technology development for increasing our capacity to characterize and quantify nanoparticle passage through each transport barrier. link2 Finally, we highlight the importance of incorporating the effect of disease, metabolic state, and regional dependencies to better understand transport of nanotherapeutics in the brain.Regular physical activity is a key modifiable non-pharmacological treatment to enhance sleep quality, a key predictor of optimal health and wellbeing. Most of the evidence on physical activity and sleep quality is based on studies assessing the effects of aerobic moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (e.g. brisk walking, cycling, jogging). Emerging clinical evidence suggests that muscle-strengthening exercise (e.g. push-ups, using weight machines) may also be beneficial for sleep quality. However, since no studies have examined the associations between muscle-strengthening exercise with sleep quality among a large sample of community-dwelling adults, it is currently unknown how these findings translate to the population level. This study describes the associations between the weekly frequency of muscle-strengthening exercise and sleep quality among a nationally representative sample of German adults. Data were drawn for the 2014 German Health Update Survey (n = 23,635; ≥18 years). Validated survey items assessed muscle-strengthening exercise (times/week) and sleep quality (assessed via 4 point-scale 'very poor' to 'good'). Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to calculate prevalence ratios of (PR) across weekly muscle-strengthening exercise frequency (None [reference]; 1, 2, 3-4 and ≥ 5 times/week), adjusting for potential confounders (e.g. age, sex, socioeconomic status, self-rated health, smoking, alcohol, aerobic physical activity). Compared with those reporting none, any muscle-strengthening exercise was associated with a reduced prevalence of 'poor' (PR range 0.77-0.83) and 'very poor' (PR range 0.57-0.70) quality sleep. Future health behavior modification strategies to enhance sleep quality at the population-level should consider promoting muscle-strengthening exercise.Long-term data on maintenance of intervention effects of health promotion programs targeting fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake in children is lacking. We conducted a two-year follow-up of Brighter Bites, a school-based nutrition education and food co-op intervention found to be effective in increasing child intake of F&V. A one-group, pre-post evaluation design was used to assess the two-year post intervention impact of the program on child and parent dietary intake and home nutrition environment. In 2016-2017 school year, we conducted a follow up of 262 parent-child dyads who had previously participated in Brighter Bites in a 2013-2015 evaluation study in six low-income Texas elementary schools. Child dietary intake was measured using a parent-reported food frequency questionnaire, and surveys measured parent F&V intake, and home nutrition environment. Results of a multi-level regression analysis showed that, two years post-intervention, as compared to baseline, there was a significant increase in child intake of fruit, vegetable, and fiber, and significant decreases in total fat intake and percent daily calories from sugary beverages (p less then 0.05). Parent dietary data showed significant increases in fruit intake, and intake of F&V combined (p less then 0.05). Changes in home nutrition environment included increased frequency of cooking behaviors, increased usage of nutrition facts labels in making grocery purchasing decisions, and increased food availability of F&V (p less then 0.05). link3 This study demonstrates potential long-term sustained impact of a comprehensive school-based intervention among low-income children and their families.For targeted prevention and treatment of childhood obesity, primary health care needs methods to identify children potentially developing obesity. The objectives of this study were to examine transitions across weight categories and their association with psychosocial family- and school-related factors, data on which were retrieved from health records. This longitudinal cohort study comprised 507 Finnish children with overweight, identified from a random sample of 2000 sixth graders in Helsinki in 2013. We applied Markov multistate models to analyze the transition rates over six primary school years between BMI SDS categories of normal weight, overweight and obesity, as assessed by Finnish BMI-for-age reference, and to examine relations between transition rates and family- and school-related factors. Among 3116 pairs of consecutive growth measurements from 225 girls and 282 boys aged 6-14, 719 transitions from weight category to another occurred. The highest 1-year probabilities were 0.76 for girls to stay in overweight and 0.80 for boys to stay in obesity. Transitions from normal weight to overweight and from obesity to overweight were more probable than vice versa. Transitions from overweight into obesity were among girls associated with older age (HR 2.63) and divorced or single parents (HR 2.29), as well as among boys with experiences of crises (HR 2.40) and being bullied (HR 1.66). Factors identifiable in school health care and associated with the probability of transition towards obesity should be considered when planning individual support and intervention programs.Despite overall reductions in U.S. smoking prevalence, prior evidence suggests similar reductions may not have occurred for menthol cigarette users. This study examines nationally representative current menthol and non-menthol cigarette use prevalence and trends for adults (18+) overall and by sociodemographic and geographic characteristics using the 2005 (n = 31,132), 2010 (n = 26,967), and 2015 (n = 33,541) National Health Interview Survey. Between 2005 and 2015, non-menthol cigarette use decreased overall (14.7% to 9.6%, p less then 0.001) and within all sociodemographic and geographic subgroups analyzed (i.e., by sex, age, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, education, family income, and geographic region), except non-Hispanic American Indians/Alaskan Natives (NH AI/AN) and non-Hispanic Others. Menthol cigarette use significantly decreased overall (5.3% to 4.4%, p less then 0.001), and among females (5.6% to 4.6%); participants aged 18-24 (7.1% to 4.3%) and 35-54 (6.2% to 4.9%); non-Hispanic Whites (4.1% to 3.6%) and non-Hispanic Blacks (14.8% to 11.9%); participants with high school degrees/GEDs (7.0% to 5.9%); participants with a family income of $75,000 or higher (3.4% to 2.3%); and participants residing in the Northeast (6.0% to 4.3%). Menthol cigarette use remained stable or did not significantly decrease among males; adults aged 25-34 and 55 years and older; NH AI/ANs, NH Others, and Hispanics; participants with less than high school education, some college, or a college degree; participants with a family income below $75,000; and participants residing in the North Central/Midwest, South, and West. Given that menthol cigarette use did not significantly change or decrease for multiple subgroups, further restriction on menthol manufacturing may help reduce tobacco use disparities.It is demonstrated that a novel eutectic solution including 1,3,5-trioxane (TXE) and succinonitrile (SN) can be converted into solid-state polymer electrolyte (SPE) via in situ polymerization triggered by lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB). It is worth noting that all the precursors (LiDFOB, TXE, and SN) of this novel SPE are totally solid and nonvolatile at room temperature, where, LiDFOB works as a lithium salt and an initiator simultaneously to avoid the introduction of impurity. It is noted that such SPE presents a considerable ionic conductivity of 1.14 × 10-4 S cm-1 and a sufficiently wide electrochemical window of 4.5 V, which is significant for supporting the high-energy lithium batteries. In addition, this dedicatedly designed in situ polymerization is powerful to build kinetically favorable polymer-based protective layers on LiCoO2 cathode and Li metal anode simultaneously, guaranteeing outstanding cycling stability (capacity retention of 88% after 200 cycles) of 4.3 V LiCoO2/lithium metal batteries at room temperature.
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