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Also shown are the radiographic and histopathologic features of the disease.

Cholangioscopy allowed us to identify morphologic features of both malignancy and benign disease in PSC in the setting of extrahepatic duct strictures, and we were able to obtain adequate targeted tissue samples for histopathologic confirmation.
Cholangioscopy allowed us to identify morphologic features of both malignancy and benign disease in PSC in the setting of extrahepatic duct strictures, and we were able to obtain adequate targeted tissue samples for histopathologic confirmation.Video 1Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection of a rectal adenoma in nondistensible rectum from severe fecal incontinence.Video 1Endoluminal vacuum therapy Endo-SPONGE for the treatment of complete dehiscence of low colorectal anastomosis.Video 1Endoscopic transcecal appendectomy under laparoscopic single-port assistance.Video 1Placing a standard endoclip at the papillary side of a duodenal perforation is a simple and effective technique for prevention of papillary obstruction when using the over-the-scope clip.Video 1EUS-guided biliary rendezvous as an emergent rescue after a failed choledochoduodenostomy using a lumen-apposing metal stent.Video 1Demonstration of deploying lumen-apposing metal stents for gastrogastrostomy and choledochoduodenostomy in a patient with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass anatomy, as well as EUS-guided fine needle biopsy for pancreatic mass.Video 1EUS-guided stent placement for afferent limb and gastrojejunal obstruction in a patient with pancreatic cancer.Video 1Early gastric carcinoma across the pyloric ring was effectively treated by the pocket-creating method during endoscopic submucosal dissection.Video 1This patient with Barrett's esophagus with multifocal high-grade dysplasia underwent complete circumferential ESD. We illustrate the evolution of re-epithelialization after circumferential esophageal ESD and the regimen used to prevent stricture formation.Video 1We present a case of a 76 year old patient undergoing holmium laser enucleation of an esophageal leiomyoma in endoscopic tunnel technique.Video 1New frontiers in endoscopic submucosal dissection.Video 1Step-by-step demonstration of the assembly and setup of the tack and suture device during closure of a mucosal defect in a patient with a poorly healing postendoscopic mucosal resection ulcer.A rapidly increasing body of literature suggests that many biological processes are driven by phase separation within polymer mixtures. Liquid-liquid phase separation can lead to the formation of membrane-less organelles, which are thought to play a wide variety of roles in cell metabolism, gene regulation or signaling. One of the characteristics of these systems is that they are poised at phase transition boundaries, which makes them perfectly suited to elicit robust cellular responses to often very small changes in the cell's "environment". Recent observations suggest that, also in the semi-solid environment of plant cell walls, phase separation not only plays a role in wall patterning, hydration and stress relaxation during growth, but also may provide a driving force for cell wall expansion. In this context, pectins, the major polyanionic polysaccharides in the walls of growing cells, appear to play a critical role. Here, we will discuss (i) our current understanding of the structure-function relationship of pectins, (ii) in vivo evidence that pectin modification can drive critical phase transitions in the cell wall, (iii) how such phase transitions may drive cell wall expansion in addition to turgor pressure and (iv) the periodic cellular processes that may control phase transitions underlying cell wall assembly and expansion.
This study aimed to determine associations between health warning label content and motivation to quit waterpipe smoking by gender and smoking location.

Convenience samples of university students in three Eastern Mediterranean countries - Egypt (n=442), Jordan (n=535) and Palestine (n=487) - completed an online survey assessing health warning labels. Multinomial logit regression models were conducted to determine the association between different variables, particularly gender and smoking location, with motivation to quit.

In Palestine, female smokers were more motivated to quit waterpipe smoking when seeing textual warning labels related to children (T2) and pregnancy (T6) [T2 1.8 (95% CI 1.1-2.8), T6 2.7 (95% CI 1.6-4.3)] compared to males. Similar results were found in Jordan [T2 1.6 (95% CI 1.0-2.6), T6 1.8 (95% CI 1.1-3.0)]. As for the smoking location, home-only smokers in Palestine were more likely to quit in response to the following warnings waterpipe smoking is addictive T1 2.3 (95% CI 1.4-3.7), harmful for children T2 2.3 (95% CI 1.4-4.1), harmful for the baby during pregnancy T6 2.4 (95% CI 1.3-4.3), and to believe that quitting reduces the health risks T9 1.8 (95% CI 1.0-3.1). These results were not found in Jordan nor Egypt. Smokers reported that the most noticeable location of a HWL on a waterpipe device is the mouthpiece.

A better understanding of motivation to quit and its association with various warnings and smoking location could guide countries on which warnings to require in legislation and where best to require them particularly in relation to location.
A better understanding of motivation to quit and its association with various warnings and smoking location could guide countries on which warnings to require in legislation and where best to require them particularly in relation to location.
Cigarette and e-cigarette use are threats to the health and readiness of the US military. The study objective was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with e-cigarette, cigarette, and dual use among active duty service members (SMs).

We used data from the 2015 Health Related Behaviors Survey-a crosssectional survey weighted to represent the US military (n=16699). Weighted prevalence and odds ratios assessed associations between risk factors and e-cigarette/cigarette use via weighted multinomial logistic models.

The prevalence of cigarette use in the US military declined from 24% in 2011 to 13.8% in 2015. However, e-cigarette use (12.4%) and dual product use (4.7%) increased during this period. Additionally, prevalence of e-cigarette use was higher in the military compared to the general population (12.4% vs 3.5%), particularly among those aged 17-24 years (22.8% vs 5.2%); cigarette use was also higher in the military in this age group (19.3% vs 13.0%). After adjustment, SMs who were enlist military compared to the general population. However, the concurrent increases in e-cigarette use are concerning, particularly among the youngest members of the military. The US military must continue to monitor emerging trends in e-cigarette, cigarette, and dual use and rapidly take steps to address them as threats to health and readiness.Recently, an increased interest toward enzymatic carboligation was observed, as biocatalytic carbon-carbon bond formation is a common obstacle in retrosynthetic planning. The construction of extended 2-oxoacid frameworks by 2-oxoacid aldolases and enzymes acting as aldolases is a potent tool for synthetic chemists since a broad spectrum of downstream reactions through functional group interconversions gives access to a plethora of compound classes. In the search for selective biocatalysts, successful protein engineering efforts and high throughput screenings from biodiversity expand the structural diversity of nucleophile and electrophile substrates. read more Several successful examples with an emphasis on reactions catalyzed by class II aldolases and enzymes acting as class II aldolases are highlighted, including reactions in which both enantiomeric products and in selected cases even diastereomeric products are accessed.
Previous reports have documented a dose-effect relationship for radiation-induced hypopituitarism in patients receiving therapy near or at the base of the skull. We aimed to characterize this long-term endocrinopathy further by examining the effect of dose on both the incidence and severity of toxicity, as well as exploring a possible dose threshold for this effect.

Out of an initial 346 patients who had received radiation therapy to the base of the skull, 53 patients with adequate endocrine evaluation were found. Of these, 19 patients who subsequently developed at least 1 endocrinopathy (cases) as well as 17 patients who did not (controls) were identified, for a total of 36. link2 Patients' charts were reviewed, and endocrinologic laboratory tests recorded. Treatment plans were reviewed and doses to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland were calculated. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine differences between cases and controls, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to relate mean pituitanopathy is a true deterministic effect, with a dose threshold, and with both the incidence and severity of toxicity being related to the dose.
To describe two cases of macular hemorrhage in young patients, both occurred after laser exposure and cannabinoid intake during a disco party.

Case 1 a 21-year-old man was evaluated at our Emergency Unit for sudden vision loss in the right eye (RE). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was count fingers in the RE and 20/20 in the left eye (LE). Fundus examination revealed a broad pre-retinal hemorrhage in macular region of RE, confirmed by optical coherence tomography. The patient reported vision loss, suddenly occurred after fixation of a laser source and cannabinoid intake during a disco party the night before. We administered a macular supplement and closely followed up the patient. After two months BCVA of the right eye was 20/20.

The following day another 21-year-old man was referred to our Emergency Unit complaining of sudden vision loss in LE. As in Case 1, he reported to have fixed a laser beam as well as the consumption of cannabinoids at the same disco. BCVA was count fingers in the LE and 20/20 in the RE. Fundus examination showed a broad pre-retinal hemorrhage in macular region of LE. He had taken the macular supplement for two months and then the hemorrhage was reabsorbed.

Laser exposure must be considered as a possible cause of macular hemorrhage. link3 Furthermore, low cost of drugs and lack of formal control of laser sources may increase the emergence of new cases of retinal injuries especially among young people.
Laser exposure must be considered as a possible cause of macular hemorrhage. Furthermore, low cost of drugs and lack of formal control of laser sources may increase the emergence of new cases of retinal injuries especially among young people.The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that plays a fundamental role in extracellular calcium homeostasis by regulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) release. Although the CaSR was identified over 25 years ago, new mechanistic details of how the CaSR controls PTH secretion have recently been uncovered demonstrating heteromerization and phosphate binding affect CaSR-mediated suppression of PTH release. In addition, understanding of how the CaSR performs diverse functions in different cellular contexts is just beginning to be elucidated, with new evidence of tissue-specific regulation, and endo-somal signaling. Insights into CaSR activation mechanisms and signaling bias have arisen from studies of CaSR mutations, which cause disorders of calcium homeostasis. Functional assessment of these mutations demonstrated the importance of the homodimer interface and transmembrane domain in biased signaling and showed CaSR mutations can facilitate G-protein-independent signaling. Population genetics studies have allowed a greater understanding of the prevalence of calcemic disorders and revealed new pathophysiological roles.
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