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A Realpolitik with regard to Presidential Wellness: A new Psychiatrist's Standpoint.
Both nutsedge species were good hosts to B. longicaudatus. Coffee senna was a host to M. enterolobii, a poor host to M. incognita, and nonhost to the other RKN species evaluated.A population of the rarely collected aulolaimoidid genus, Oostenbrinkia, was recovered from the rhizosphere soil of Fagus orientalis in Mazandaran province, north Iran. Oostenbrinkia pedrami n. sp. is mainly characterized by long females, 920 µm with a 6 to 8 µm long odontostyle, 18 to 21 µm long odontophore with well-developed basal flanges, 124 to 187 µm long neck, vulva post equatorial (V = 58.5-61.0), and tail short (10-18 µm long, c  =  42.5-65.2, c' = 0.6-0.9) and rounded. Compared to the generotype species, O. oostenbrinki, the new species has a longer odontostyle, total stylet, a posteriorly located vulva, and shorter rounded tail, and compared to the only one other representative, O. parva, longer females with longer odontostyle and total stylet. In molecular phylogenetic analyses using a near-full-length sequence of the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA), the new species appeared as an independent basal lineage to the included ingroup species. This is the first molecular data of this family.Manipulating soil properties to modify the dynamics between nematodes and their natural enemies has been proposed to conserve services such as the biological control of insect pests by entomopathogenic nematodes. Many soil microarthropods including acari mites and collembola are natural enemies of nematodes; however, little is known about the naturally occurring assemblages of these two soil dwelling groups and how they might be influenced by soil conditions. A method to efficiently recover both nematodes and microarthropods from environmental samples would be helpful to characterize communities of these two groups in different habitats. Because samples of nematodes extracted from soil by sucrose centrifugation (SC) also contain soil mites, collembola, protozoans, and fungal and bacterial propagules, the efficiency of SC to recover microarthropods was compared to more conventional methods of microarthropod recovery such as heptane flotation (HF), Berlese funnels (BF), and a modified flotation Berlese method (FBF). Microarthropods were identified using an inverted microscope to class in one experiment and to order in a second. Significantly more microarthropods of all taxa were recovered by SC than with either Berlese method (BF or FBF). In total, 40% more microarthropods comprising seven orders were recovered by HF compared to SC, but the difference was not significant. Ecological indices (diversity, richness, and evenness) derived from HF and SC were congruent and significantly higher than those derived from BF. Excessive organic matter in the HF extractions, compared to those of SC, BF, and FBF, made mite detection and identification difficult and time consuming. Moreover, unlike SC, neither HF nor any Berlese method recovered nematodes. Accordingly, we found SC to be the most efficient method for microarthropod extraction, making it an ideal method for studies of communities of nematodes and many of their natural enemies in the soil.Females, males, and second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne kikuyensis were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The morphology of M. kikuyensis was typical for species of the genus in general, but differed in several characters, appearing to be in a more primitive state. The head morphology of males and second-stage juveniles of most species of root-knot nematode is made up of a large labial disk surrounded by the fused pairs of the sub-dorsal and sub-ventral lips, but in M. kikuyensis, the labial disk is surrounded by six distinct lips. Second-stage juveniles appear to develop similarly to that of other members of the genus. The division of the egg seems to be quite different from typical species in that two small, highly refractive cells, are set-aside early in embryogenesis. Elucidation of the mitochondrial nucleotide sequence for the cytochrome oxidase subunit II and the large subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene (COII-16S rRNA) and the ITS1 region implicated M. kikuyensis is in a basal position when compared to other species of the genus.Hemicycliophora ahvasiensis n. sp., recovered from the rhizospheric soil of date palm in Khuzestan province, southwest Iran, is described and illustrated based upon morphological, morphometric and molecular data. The new species is characterized by its sheath, closely fitting most of the body, cuticle with or without numerous irregular lines, sometimes appearing as blocks in distal body region. Lateral field without discrete longitudinal lines, but often with continuous broken striae or anastomoses. Continuous lip region with single annulus, slightly elevated labial disc, stylet with posteriorly sloping knobs. Vulva with or without slightly modified lips, spermatheca with sperm and tail conoid, symmetrically narrowing at distal region to form a narrow conical region. Morphologically, the new species looks similar to H. indica, H. labiata, H. siddiqii, H. tenuistriata and H. typica. The latter species appears more similar to the new species under light microscopy, but could be separated using the scanning electron microscopy and molecular data. The new species was also compared with H. epicharoides and H. dulli, two species with close phylogenetic affinities to it. The phylogenetic relationships of the new species were reconstructed and discussed using partial sequences of the D2-D3 expansion segments of large subunit, and internal transcribed spacer regions (LSU D2-D3 and ITS rDNA). Hemicycliophora conida, the second studied species, was recovered from north Iran and characterized by morphological and molecular data.Phoretic nematodes associated with two mass-occurring populations of the millipede Parafontaria laminata were examined, focusing on Pristionchus spp. The nematodes that propagated on dissected millipedes were genotyped using the D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene. Four Pristionchus spp. were detected P. degawai, P. laevicollis, P. fukushimae, and P. entomophagus. Of the four, P. degawai dominated and it was isolated from more than 90% of the millipedes examined. The haplotypes of partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I examined for Pristionchus spp. and P. degawai showed high haplotype diversity.Bursaphelenchus yongensis was first reported in China, and later found in Japan and Korea. It is characterized by a relatively slim body (a = 42 and 57 for females and males, respectively). The excretory pore is located at level of median bulb, the lateral field has three lines, and a small vulval flap is present. A long post-uterine branch extends 2/3 to 3/4 of the vulva to anus distance. The conoid female tail has a 2-5 µm long mucron in the central position at the terminus. Spicules are small, condylus high and strongly dorsally bent. Subsequently Bursaphelenchus uncispicularis was described from China. Both morphological characters and morphometrics are very similar to B. yongensis, except for the number of lateral lines (4 vs 3) and male caudal papillae (7 vs 4). Re-examination of type material and a Beijing population of B. yongensis determined that B. yongensis has 7 caudal papillae instead of 4 as originally reported. It is possible that the poor condition of the type specimens of B. uncispicularis could have created difficulty in the determination of lateral line number. Unfortunately, type material of B. uncispicularis has been lost. Therefore, there is no evidence that B. uncispicularis exists. It is now established that B. yongensis is present in China, Japan and Korea with a common host species (P. thunbergii) and a common widespread vector (Cryphalus fulvus). Therefore, based on the geographic, ecological, molecular, and morphological data, we propose Bursaphelenchus uncispicularis Zhuo, Li, Li, Yu & Liao, 2007 as a junior synonym of B. yongensis Gu, Braasch, Burgermeister, Brandstetter & Zhang, 2006.Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) infect a large number of crops including guava. We investigated a population of Meloidogyne sp. infecting guava in the Coimbatore region of Tamil Nadu, India for identification and species confirmation. Detailed morphological and morphometric observations based on second-stage juveniles, males, females, and perineal patterns showed resemblance of the isolated population with the original and subsequent descriptions of M. enterolobii. Isozyme analysis of the young egg-laying females displayed the characteristic esterase phenotype pattern similar to that of M. enterolobii. Additionally, the identity of the nematode population was further validated by M. enterolobii specific SCAR marker and ITS rDNA. Recently published reports on the occurrence and morphological descriptions of M. buy ART558 enterolobii from India are largely incongruent with the original and subsequent redescriptions of the species. Here, we present the most comprehensive morphology and morphometrics of an Indian population of M. enterolobii for its authentic identification.Chenopodium album plants showing symptoms caused by root-knot nematodes were detected in the La Joya, Arequipa, Peru. Based on the morphological, esterase phenotypes, and molecular analyses of the mitochondrial DNA region between the cytochome oxidase subunit II and 16S rRNA genes (mtDNA) and species-specific characterized amplified region, the causal agent of the observed symptoms was identified as Meloidogyne incognita. Pathogenicity was confirmed by fulfilling a modified version of Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. incognita parasitizing C. album in Peru.Meloidogyne graminicola threatens global rice production, yet is understudied for many areas where it is cultivated. To better understand the prevalence and incidence of M. graminicola in central Punjab, Pakistan, we carried out field surveys of rice fields in the districts of Faisalabad and Chiniot. M. graminicola isolates were recovered from soil and root samples and identified on the basis of perineal patterns and rDNA ITS-based sequencing. The severity of nematode attack on rice roots and infested fields at various locations was based on galling index, root-knot nematode juveniles per root system, juveniles per 100 ml of soil, and prevalence of stylet-bearing nematodes and non-stylet-bearing nematodes. Maximum prevalence (22.5 and 27.5%) and minimum prevalence (17.5 and 20%) of M. graminicola was observed in Chiniot and Faisalabad, respectively. Eleven alternate host-plant species were examined in this study revealing varying degrees of M. graminicola infestation. ITS sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated that isolates from this study form a well-resolved clade with others from Asia, while another isolate falls outside of this clade in an unresolved polytomy with those from Europe and South America. Though monophyletic with the other M. graminicola, the isolates from Pakistan are distinguished by their high genetic variability and long branch lengths relative to the other isolates of M. graminicola, suggesting Pakistan as a possible ancestral area. Our results indicate that rice is severely attacked by a genetically diverse and aggressive M. graminicola, necessitating the development of appropriate control measures for its management in rice and other graminaceous crops.
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