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Furthermore, regrowth of water-absorbing fine roots upon watering was supported by faster incorporation of 13 C label in previously drought-stressed (within 12 ± 10 h upon arrival at trunk base) compared to control trees (73 ± 10 h). Thus, the whole-tree C transport system from the crown to soil CO2 efflux fully recovered within 2 weeks after drought release, and hence showed high resilience to recurrent summer droughts in mature Norway spruce forests. This high resilience of the C transport system is an important prerequisite for the recovery of other tree functionalities and productivity.Neonatal and childhood infectious diseases continue to be a global health problem. Acute respiratory tract infections are typically classified as upper respiratory tract infection and lower respiratory tract infections. The most common lower respiratory infections in childhood are pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Vaccination against measles, diphtheria, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus, and influenza resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of acute respiratory tract infection globally. Though the global burden of the disease has decreased, the mortality rates still are higher in developing countries. Patients with severe lower respiratory tract infections and their complications are often evaluated for elective or emergency procedures. In this review article, the authors aim to discuss the etiology, pathogenesis, preoperative evaluation of lower respiratory tract infections, and the anesthesia implications pertinent to the practice of anesthesia.Protease inhibitors can modulate intratumoral metabolic processes to reprogram the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which however suffer from the limited efficacy and off-targeted side effects. We report smart nano-proteolysis targeting chimeras (nano-PROTACs) with phototherapeutic ablation and cancer-specific protein degradation to reprogram the TME for photo-metabolic cancer immunotherapy. This nano-PROTAC has a semiconducting polymer backbone linked with a cyclooxygenase 1/2 (COX-1/2)-targeting PROTAC peptide (CPP) via a cathepsin B (CatB)-cleavable segment. CPP can be activated by the tumor-overexpressed CatB to induce the degradation of COX-1/2 via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The persistent degradation of COX-1/2 depletes their metabolite prostaglandin E2 which is responsible for activation of immune suppressor cells. Such a smart PROTAC strategy synergized with phototherapy specifically reprograms the immunosuppressive TME and reinvigorates antitumor immunity.
The control of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri), causal agent of citrus canker, relies heavily on integrated agricultural practices involving the use of copper-based chemicals. Considering the need for alternatives to control this disease and the potential of fungi from extreme environments as producers of bioactive metabolites, we isolated and identified a bioactive compound from Penicillium sp. CRM 1540 isolated from Antarctica marine sediment.

The potential of compound as an antibacterial agent against X. citri was assessed through in vitro and greenhouse experiments. Molecular taxonomy indicates that this fungus is a possible new species of Penicillium. Results revealed 90% bacterial inhibition in vitro at 25 µg ml

and a decrease in 75.37% of citrus canker symptoms emergency in vivo in treated leaves of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck considering the number of lesions per cm
(p < 0.05) in comparison with the control. The structure of the active agent was identified as penicillic acid based on a detailed spectroscopic analysis.

Penicillic acid can be an alternative against citrus canker.

Research into extremophile micro-organisms can identify molecules with biotechnological potential and alternatives to current agricultural practices.
Research into extremophile micro-organisms can identify molecules with biotechnological potential and alternatives to current agricultural practices.Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, many Iranian people have been taking 50 000 IU of vitamin D3 on weekly or biweekly bases in order to enhance their immune system function. This cross-sectional study was conducted on the patients of endocrinology clinic to compare 25(OH)D levels of weekly or biweekly consumption with the monthly users of vitamin D3 50 000 IU. The level >100 ng/mL of 25(OH)D was defined as hypervitaminosis D. In total, 211 patients (108 and 103 patients in monthly and weekly/biweekly groups, respectively) were studied. In the subgroups of weekly and biweekly users, the rates of hypervitaminosis were 18.9% and 4.5%, respectively. In contrast, only 0.9% of monthly users had hypervitaminosis D. The highest vitamin D value of 185 ng/mL was detected in a patient who had consumed 50 000 IU vitamin D3 weekly for 6 years. No hypercalcaemia was detected in patients with hypervitaminosis D.Management of locoregionally advanced head and neck cancers (HNCs) remains a challenge. Some groups have attempted to use stereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT) to deliver "boost" treatment following conventional radiotherapy to improve local control (LC) and overall survival (OS), while aiming for acceptable toxicities. Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were queried for SBRT as curative-intent planned boost in HNC after conventional radiotherapy. HS-10296 datasheet Individual studies were reviewed from inception until January 2021, extracting patient, treatment, and outcome data. Nine studies met inclusion criteria, representing 454 unique patients treated with curative intent across multiple head and neck sites with conventional radiotherapy. At 3 years, median LC was 92% (90%-98%), and median OS was 80% (75%-91%). Seven treatment-related grade 5 toxicities (1.5%) were reported. Despite acceptable LC and OS rates, there were severe treatment-related late toxicities. As such, SBRT boost should only be used in investigational settings until more data is available.Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) is generally assumed to suppress the growth of osteosarcoma through inhibiting angiogenesis; however, it is unclear whether TSP1 could affect the antitumor immunity against osteosarcoma. We aimed to explore the immune-related tumor-promoting effects of TSP1 and decipher its underlying mechanism. First, we identified that TSP1 regulated programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, which was related to the CD8+ T cells anergy in osteosarcoma cells. The exact role of PD-L1 in the immunosuppressive effect of TSP1 was then further confirmed by the addition of the PD-L1 neutralizing Ab. With the addition of PD-L1 neutralizing Abs during cocultivation, the inhibition of CD8+ T cells was abolished to a certain extent. Further mechanistic investigations showed that TSP1-induced PD-L1 upregulation was achieved by activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. In vivo experiments also indicated that TSP1 overexpression could promote the growth of primary lesions, whereas TSP1 knockdown effectively inhibits the growth of the primary lesion as well as lung metastasis by restoring the antitumor immunity. Thrombospondin-1 knockdown combined with PD-L1 neutralizing Ab achieved a more pronounced antitumor effect. Taken together, our study showed that TSP1 upregulates PD-L1 by activating the STAT3 pathway and, therefore, impairs the antitumor immunity against osteosarcoma.Understanding the critical soil moisture (SM) threshold (θcrit ) of plant water stress and land surface energy partitioning is a basis to evaluate drought impacts and improve models for predicting future ecosystem condition and climate. Quantifying the θcrit across biomes and climates is challenging because observations of surface energy fluxes and SM remain sparse. Here, we used the latest database of eddy covariance measurements to estimate θcrit across Europe by evaluating evaporative fraction (EF)-SM relationships and investigating the covariance between vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and gross primary production (GPP) during SM dry-down periods. We found that the θcrit and soil matric potential threshold in Europe are 16.5% and -0.7 MPa, respectively. Surface energy partitioning characteristics varied among different vegetation types; EF in savannas had the highest sensitivities to SM in water-limited stage, and the lowest in forests. The sign of the covariance between daily VPD and GPP consistently changed from positive to negative during dry-down across all sites when EF shifted from relatively high to low values. This sign of the covariance changed after longer period of SM decline in forests than in grasslands and savannas. Estimated θcrit from the VPD-GPP covariance method match well with the EF-SM method, showing this covariance method can be used to detect the θcrit . We further found that soil texture dominates the spatial variability of θcrit while shortwave radiation and VPD are the major drivers in determining the spatial pattern of EF sensitivities. Our results highlight for the first time that the sign change of the covariance between daily VPD and GPP can be used as an indicator of how ecosystems transition from energy to SM limitation. We also characterized the corresponding θcrit and its drivers across diverse ecosystems in Europe, an essential variable to improve the representation of water stress in land surface models.The challenge to improve the clinical efficacy and enlarge the population that benefits from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is significant. Based on whole-exosome sequencing analysis of biopsies from NSCLC patients before anti-programmed cell death protein-2 (PD-1) treatment, we identified NLRP4 mutations in the responders with a longer progression-free survival (PFS). Knockdown of NLRP4 in mouse Lewis lung cancer cell line enhanced interferon (IFN)-α/β production through the cGAS-STING-IRF3/IRF7 axis and promoted the accumulation of intratumoral CD8+ T cells, leading to tumor growth retardation in vivo and a synergistic effect with anti-PD-ligand 1 therapy. This was consistent with clinical observations that more tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and elevated peripheral IFN-α before receiving nivolumab treatment were associated with a longer PFS in NSCLC patients. Our study highlights the roles of tumor-intrinsic NLRP4 in remodeling the immune contextures in the tumor microenvironment, making regional type I IFN beneficial for ICI treatment.
Treatment success in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is generally determined using relapse frequency and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity in the first 6 or 12months on treatment. The association of these definitions of short-term treatment success with disability worsening and disease activity in the longer term is unclear. In this study, we investigated risk factors associated with early first-line treatment failure in RRMS, and the association of early treatment failure with subsequent disability worsening or "no evidence of disease activity" (NEDA-3) status.

We used data from CombiRx (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00211887) to investigate risk factors associated with early treatment failure, and the association of early treatment failure at 6 and 12months with subsequent disability worsening or NEDA-3 at 36months.

CombiRx included 1008 treatment-naïve participants with RRMS, who were randomly assigned to treatment with glatiramer acetate, interferon beta, or the combination of both.
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