Notes

Significant Corneal Hydropsy Improves ECL Coming from Grafts Soon after DSAEK-Corneal Hydropsy as well as ECL Soon after DSAEK.
Characterization of biaxial tensile and stress relaxation was advantageous for noodle assessment prediction. The index of flow and degree of deformation were negatively correlated with tensile properties. Frequency scanning is superior in predicting cooking and stretching characteristics of noodles. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The research provides technical guidance for obtaining better dough in noodle processing. © 2020 Institute of Food Technologists®.Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus sequences were identified in two separate complementary DNA (cDNA) pools. The first pool was from a Carassius auratus (crusian carp) cell line and the second was from Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp) head kidney tissue. BLAST analysis suggests that these sequences belong to SARS-like coronaviruses, and that they are not evolutionarily conserved in other species. Investigation of the submitting laboratories revealed that two laboratories from the Institute of Hydrobiology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Wuhan, China performed the research and submitted the cDNA libraries to GenBank. This institution is very close in proximity to the Wuhan South China Seafood Wholesale Market where SARS-CoV-2 first amplified in the human population. selleckchem It is possible that these sequences are an artifact of the bioinformatics pipeline that was used. It is also possible that SARS-like coronaviruses are a common environmental pathogen in the region that may be in aquatic habitats. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Obesity is strongly linked to male infertility. Testicular spermatogenic cell apoptosis plays an important role in obesity-related male infertility. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) has been recently shown to exhibit antiapoptotic and antidiabetic effects. However, the effects of PACAP on obesity-related male infertility remain unknown. link2 The purpose of the current study is to explore the role of PACAP in obesity-related male infertility. Here, C57BL/6 male mice were fed with a high-fat diet to induce obesity and then treated with PACAP. PACAP treatment ameliorated obesity characteristics, including body weight, epididymal adipose weight, testes/body weight, serum lipids levels, and reproductive hormone levels in vivo. Additionally, PACAP was shown to improve the reproductive function of the obese mice, which was characterized by improved testis morphology, sperm parameters, acrosome reaction, and embryo quality after in vitro fertilization via silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) activation and p53 deacetylation. These beneficial effects of PACAP were abolished in obese mice with testis-specific knockdown of Sirt1. The mechanism studies showed that PACAP selectively binds to the PAC1 receptor to attenuate palmitic acid-induced mouse spermatogenic cell (GC-1) apoptosis via the PKA/CREB/Sirt1/p53 pathway. However, this mechanism was inhibited in GC-1 cells lacking Sirt1. Finally, human semen studies showed that the decline in sperm quality in obese infertile men was partly due to Sirt1 downregulation and p53 acetylation. Our data suggest that PACAP could ameliorate fertility in obese male mice and may be a promising candidate drug for obesity-induced male infertility. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Children with haematologic malignancies and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients are at high risk for invasive fungal diseases (IFD). There has been an increased number of at-risk children over the past two decades due to improvements in cancer therapies resulting in improved survival of children with high-risk and refractory malignancies. The predominant organisms that cause IFD include Candida spp., Aspergillus spp. and the Mucorales molds. Clinical presentations of IFD vary based on host immune status and the causative organism. Though serum biomarkers such as the galactomannan assay and beta-D-glucan assay have been validated in adults, there are limited data regarding their diagnostic value in children. Thus, the gold standard for IFD diagnosis remains tissue biopsy with histopathological and microbiological evaluation. Treatment of IFD is multimodal and involves antifungal drugs, correction of immune dysfunction and surgical resection when feasible. Paediatric practice regarding IFD is largely extrapolated from data generated in adult patients; in this review, we evaluate both primary paediatric studies and guidelines intended for adult patients that are applied to paediatric patients. There remain significant knowledge gaps with respect to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of IFD in immunocompromised children, and further research is needed to help guide management decisions. © 2019 British Society for Haematology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND Antigenic drift of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins of influenza virus cause decrease in vaccine efficacy. Since the information about the evolution of these viruses in Saudi is deficient so we investigated the genetic diversity of circulating H1N1 viruses. METHODS Nasopharyngeal aspirates/swabs collected from 149 patients hospitalized with flu like symptoms during 2014 and 2015 were analyzed. Viral RNA extraction was followed by RT-PCR and genetic sequencing. We analyzed complete gene sequences of HA and NA from 80 positive isolates. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA genes of 80 isolates showed similar topologies and co-circulation of clades 6b. Genetic diversity was observed among circulating viruses belonging to clade 6B.1A. The amino acid residues in the HA epitope domain were under purifying selection. Amino acid changes at key antigenic sites, such as position S101N, S179N (antigenic site-Sa), I233T (antigenic site-Sb) in the head domain might have resulted in antigenic drift and emergence of variant viruses. For NA protein, 36% isolates showed the presence of amino acid changes such as V13I (n=29), I314M (n=29) and 12% had I34V (n=10). However, H257Y mutation responsible for resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors was missing. CONCLUSIONS Presence of amino acid changes at key antigenic sites and their topologies with structural mapping of residues under purifying selection highlights the importance of antigenic drift and warrants further characterization of recently circulating viruses in view of vaccine effectiveness. The co-circulation of several clades and the predominance of clade 6B.1 suggest multiple introductions in Saudi. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.In spite of the amount of research on fetal development of the human middle ear and ear ossicles, there has been no report showing a joint between the short limb of incus and the otic capsule or petrous part of the temporal bone. link3 According to observations of serial histological sections from 65 embryos and fetuses at 7-17 weeks of development, the incudopetrosal joint exhibited a developmental sequence similar to the other joints of ossicles, with an appearance of an interzone followed by a trilaminar configuration at 7-12 weeks, a joint cavitation at 13-15 weeks and development of intraarticular and capsular ligaments at 16-17 weeks. These processes occurred at the same time or slightly later than any other joint. Thus, the joint development might coordinate with vibrating ossicles in utero. The growing short limb of incus appeared to accelerate an expansion of the epitympanic recess of the tympanic cavity. Additional observations of five late-stage fetuses demonstrated the incudopetrosal joint located in the fossa incudis joint changing to syndesmosis. Consequently, a real joint with a cavity existed transiently between the human neurocranium and the first pharyngeal arch derivative (i.e. incus) in contrast to the tympanostapedial joint or syndesmosis between the neurocranium and the second arch derivative. The newly described joint might have an effect on the widely accepted primary jaw concept the mammalian jaw should thus have been created within the first pharyngeal arch, although the connection with neurocranium by the stapes is of a different origin. © 2020 Anatomical Society.BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) confers a prodigious burden of disease, disability, premature mortality, and high economic costs from lost productivity, accidents, violence, incarceration, and increased healthcare utilization. For over 80 years, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) has been a widespread AUD recovery organization, with millions of members and treatment free at the point of access, but it is only recently that rigorous research on its effectiveness has been conducted. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether peer-led AA and professionally-delivered treatments that facilitate AA involvement (Twelve-Step Facilitation (TSF) interventions) achieve important outcomes, specifically abstinence, reduced drinking intensity, reduced alcohol-related consequences, alcohol addiction severity, and healthcare cost offsets. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group Specialized Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO from inception to 2 Auguess studies In three studies, AA/TSF had higher healthcare cost savings than outpatient treatment, CBT, and no AA/TSF treatment. The fourth study found that total medical care costs decreased for participants attending CBT, MET, and AA/TSF treatment, but that among participants with worse prognostic characteristics AA/TSF had higher potential cost savings than MET (moderate-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is high quality evidence that manualized AA/TSF interventions are more effective than other established treatments, such as CBT, for increasing abstinence. Non-manualized AA/TSF may perform as well as these other established treatments. AA/TSF interventions, both manualized and non-manualized, may be at least as effective as other treatments for other alcohol-related outcomes. AA/TSF probably produces substantial healthcare cost savings among people with alcohol use disorder. Copyright © 2020 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.The infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) is an extrasynovial, intracapsular, adipose body occupying the space in the knee joint between the inferior border of the patella, the femoral condyles, tibial plateau and patellar tendon. Little is known about the anatomy and normal function of the IFP, but it has been suggested to play a role in the aetiology of Anterior knee pain syndrome, including that associated with osteoarthritis. Forty-three knees from 11 male and 15 female embalmed cadavers (mean age 84 years; range 55-97 years) were investigated. The cadavers were donated and the study performed in compliance with the provisions of the UK Human Tissue Act (2004). The quadriceps tendon and the medial and lateral patellar retinacula were dissected from the patella, which was then reflected antero-distally. The IFP was carefully excised and details of its morphology and attachments to components of the knee joint were recorded, together with the presence of articular surface pathology on the patella and femoral condylesnctional role for the IFP that requires further investigation. © 2020 Anatomical Society.
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