Notes

IL-33-ILC2 axis represents a possible adjuvant target to increase the actual cross-protective effectiveness associated with refroidissement vaccine.
Bivariate meta-analysis provides a useful framework for combining information across related studies and has been utilized to combine evidence from clinical studies to evaluate treatment efficacy on two outcomes. It has also been used to investigate surrogacy patterns between treatment effects on the surrogate endpoint and the final outcome. Surrogate endpoints play an important role in drug development when they can be used to measure treatment effect early compared to the final outcome and to predict clinical benefit or harm. The standard bivariate meta-analytic approach models the observed treatment effects on the surrogate and the final outcome outcomes jointly, at both the within-study and between-studies levels, using a bivariate normal distribution. For binomial data, a normal approximation on log odds ratio scale can be used. However, this method may lead to biased results when the proportions of events are close to one or zero, affecting the validation of surrogate endpoints. In this article, we explore modeling the two outcomes on the original binomial scale. First, we present a method that uses independent binomial likelihoods to model the within-study variability avoiding to approximate the observed treatment effects. However, the method ignores the within-study association. To overcome this issue, we propose a method using a bivariate copula with binomial marginals, which allows the model to account for the within-study association. We applied the methods to an illustrative example in chronic myeloid leukemia to investigate the surrogate relationship between complete cytogenetic response and event-free-survival.Macrocyclic furans are predicted to switch between global aromaticity and antiaromaticity, depending on their oxidation states. However, the macrocyclic furans reported to date are stabilized by electron withdrawing groups, which result in inaccessible oxidation states. To circumvent this problem, a post-macrocyclization approach was applied to introduce methylene-substituted macrocyclic furans, which display an extremely low oxidation potential of -0.23 vs. Fc/Fc+ , and are partially oxidized in ambient conditions. Additional oxidation to the dication results in aromaticity switching to a global 30πe- aromatic state, as indicated by the formation of a strong diatropic current observed in the 1 H NMR spectrum. NICS and ACID calculations support this trend and provide evidence for a different pathway for the global current in the neutral and dicationic states. According to these findings, macrocyclic furans can be rendered as promising p-type materials with stable oxidation states.The transient disruption of membranes for the passive permeation of ions or small molecules is a complex process relevant to understanding physiological processes and biotechnology applications. Phenolic compounds are widely studied for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and some of these activities are based on the interactions of the phenolic compound with membranes. Ions are ubiquitous in cells and are known to alter the structure of phospholipid bilayers. Yet, ion-lipid interactions are usually ignored when studying the membrane-altering properties of phenolic compounds. This study aims to assess the role of Ca2+ ions on the membrane-disrupting activity of two phenolic acids and to highlight the role of local changes in lipid packing in forming transient defects or pores. Results from tethered bilayer lipid membrane electrical impedance spectroscopy experiments showed that Ca2+ significantly reduces membrane disruption by caffeic acid methyl ester and caffeic acid. As phenolic acids are known metal chelators, we used UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy to exclude the possibility that Ca2+ interferes with membrane disruption by binding to the phenolic compound and subsequently preventing membrane binding. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that Ca2+ but not caffeic acid methyl ester or caffeic acid increases lipid packing in POPC bilayers. The combined data confirm that Ca2+ reduces the membrane-disrupting activity of the phenolic compounds, and that Ca2+-induced changes to lipid packing govern this effect. We discuss our data in the context of ion-induced pores and transient defects and how lipid packing affects membrane disruption by small molecules.Null.Null.Null.Null.Null.Null.In this study, patients, who underwent excision of retroperitoneal mass following chemotherapy for testicular cancers from 2006 to 2016, were studied and followed till 2021. The clinical and oncological outcomes were measured. Among 338 patients, who were treated for TC during the entire study period, 38 (11.2%) underwent excision of the residual retroperitoneal mass. The mean age of these patients was 26.9±6.3 years. The majority were stage 3 testicular cancer. Complete resection with negative microscopic margins was achieved in the majority of cases i.e. 31 (81.6%). Damage to the collateral structures was seen in 12 (31.6%) cases. On histopathological examination, teratoma was seen in 18 (47.4%) of the cases followed by necrosis in 10 (26.3%). Complications were recorded in 12 (31.5%) cases, most were low grades. At five years of follow-up, 19 (50%) were disease-free, 25 (65.8%) were alive, and 9 (23.6%) were lost to follow-up. Five-year survival rates are lower than standard template-based retroperitoneal dissection, however, complications rates are comparable. TPCA-1 molecular weight Such complex surgeries should only be performed in high-volume centres. Key Words Testicular neoplasms, Lymph node excision, Seminoma, Germ cell and embryonal.Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) or the dancing eye syndrome, is a rare inflammatory neurological disorder often with paraneoplastic aetiology. It has an incidence of 1 in 1000,000 population worldwide. Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is associated with 2-3% of patients having neuroblastoma. The authors present 5 cases of OMS in children who had neuroblastoma and underwent surgical resection. The median age was 26 (14-36) months. Male female ratio was 11.5. All the patients had moderate to severe symptoms. Duration of symptoms at presentation varied from 3 days to one and half years. The possibility of OMS should be considered in all children presenting with probable neurological symptoms. Pharmacological therapy combined with surgery results in a good outcome. Balanced anaesthesia with the most commonly used drugs can be safely administered in the patients with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Key Words Opsoclonus, Myoclonus, Neuroblastoma, Child, Anaesthesia.Penetrating neck injuries (PNIs) can cause injuries to great vessels. Superior vena cava (SVC) injury from a stab to the neck is rare and when it occurs, poses a significant risk of exsanguinating hemorrhage. We report a case of a 17-year female who survived a delayed presentation of five hours after sustaining stab injury to zone 1 of the neck. Her external wound was just above the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle which resulted in SVC laceration. Mechanism and site of injury along with clinical presentation with right hemothorax was highly suspicious for a vascular injury. Exsanguinating hemorrhage was halted by a soft clot in this hypotensive patient. Furthermore, permissive hypotension with judicious resuscitation stabilised the patient enough to undergo a contrast venogram to identify the level of SVC injury. The patient underwent successful surgical repair of SVC. This case illustrates the point that control of bleeding by soft clots does not rule out major vascular injury. Additionally, it demonstrates how permissive hypotension can be helpful as a damage control stepping stone in the management of these critical patients. Key Words Penetrating neck injury, Permissive hypotension, SVC laceration, Venorrhaphy.Hemangioma is frequently seen benign tumour of vascular origin, typed into capillary and cavernous hemangiomas based on the nature of vessels in the lesions. Capillary hemangioma is a collection of small capillary-size vessels and shows lobule formation. Cavernous hemangioma is formed by the large dilated vessels and it can reach a large size. The hemangioma can cause aesthetic and functional problems when it is located on the tongue. Several treatment modalities including sclerotherapy, embolisation, laser surgery, and cryosurgery have been described. Here, we are reporting a case of a 12-year boy diagnosed with a hemangioma on the left lateral border of the tongue using ultrasonography with color Doppler application and treated non-surgically with sclerotherapy and cryotherapy. Key Words Color Doppler ultrasonography, Cryotherapy, Hemangioma, Sclerotherapy, tongue.Brucella infection is often an occupational disease of veterinarians, agricultural workers, and slaughterhouse workers. The infection is generally spread by contact of broken skin (open cuts or wounds) with infected animal tissues or by ingesting unpasteurized milk and dairy products from the infected animals. Brucellosis, which can have many different clinical presentations, may rarely cause joint prosthesis infection. There is not enough literature about the treatment of such infection which should be kept in the differential diagnosis, especially in endemic regions. We aim to present diagnostic and treatment approach of Brucella prosthetic infection in a 70-year woman with total knee arthroplasty. Key Words Brucella, Prosthesis, Infection, Total knee arthroplasty.The testicular tumour is the most common solid malignancy in males between the ages of 15 and 35 years. Testicular tumours most commonly present with a painless testicular mass. Fournier's gangrene is necrotising fasciitis of the genital, perineal, and perianal region characterized by the microvascular thrombosis and skin necrosis, and is most commonly seen in elderly males with the comorbid conditions. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published case of testicular tumour presenting as Fournier's gangrene. Herein, we report a case of a young adult male, otherwise healthy, who presented to the emergency room with Fournier's gangrene and was found to have a metastatic post-pubertal pure yolk-sac tumour of the testis which is extremely rare in the adults. Key Words Fournier's gangrene, Yolk sac tumour, Testicular neoplasm.Ingestion of a foreign body is generally observed in the psychiatric patients and children. Healthy adult individuals may also swallow a foreign body unintentionally. Here, we report a case of a patient who swallowed a plastic fork and treated with laparoscopic repair. A 46-year man was admitted to the emergency room with the abdominal pain. His physical evaluation and diagnostic imaging revealed free air in the abdomen. Further imaging with CT scan showed a foreign body in the proximal ileum. On taking details of his swallowing history, he remembered swallowing a broken part of a plastic fork unwittingly during dinner. Following the removal of the foreign body, the perforation area was primarily repaired in double layers. The postoperative course was uneventful. An accurate diagnosis of the small intestinal perforation caused by the ingested foreign bodies, particularly in cases where the patient is unaware of the ingestion, can be difficult. CT scan is a useful tool when available to establish the diagnosis before the surgical intervention.
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