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Mineral extraction has resulted in widespread stream impairment due to habitat degradation and water quality impacts from acid mine drainage (AMD). The North Fork of Clear Creek (NFCC), Colorado, USA was historically impaired by AMD from two major point-source inputs, with some stream segments devoid of aquatic life prior to remediation. In the summer of 2017, the North Clear Creek Water Treatment Plant (NCCWTP) began AMD water treatment. To predict and characterize the biological recovery of NFCC to improvements in water quality, we conducted stream mesocosm and field experiments, as well as biomonitoring of benthic communities using a Before-After Control-Impact (BACI) study design. The NFCC stream community responded rapidly to improved water quality. Benthic algal biomass increased at impacted sites and macroinvertebrate surveys showed significant increases in abundance, taxa richness, and emerging adult aquatic insects. However, the dominant taxa colonizing downstream segments of NFCC differed considerably from those predicted based on previous field and experimental results. We hypothesize that this discrepancy is the result of differences in metal exposure regimes observed between our field and mesocosm approaches (i.e., fluctuating vs stable), colonization attributes (i.e., open vs closed system), and spatiotemporal differences in metal sensitivity due to macroinvertebrate phenology. We expect continued biological recovery in NFCC, but habitat impairment and residual sources of metals will continue to impair aquatic life until those stressors abate. Applying a combination of controlled experimental and BACI field approaches to predict and evaluate AMD-remediation projects in the future will improve the ability to understand the physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms influencing stream recovery.Microalgae residue was efficiently converted into lactic acid with a high yield (33.9%) under mild reaction conditions (210 °C, 2 h) over a Fe-Sn-Beta catalyst. Under the action of homogeneous H3O+ and distinct Lewis acid sites on the catalyst, the production of lactic acid from microalgae residue underwent three main reaction steps hydrolysis, isomerization, and retro-aldol condensation. Results demonstrated that the lipid component had a strong inhibitory effect on the production of lactic acid due to the formation of aromatics, esters, and complex nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, which covered or poisoned the Lewis acid sites of the catalyst. The protein component acted as a chemical buffer that enhanced the production of lactic acid by controlling the release of monosaccharides from the carbohydrate fraction of microalgae and maintaining the catalytic activity of the catalyst. Thus, microalgae residue demonstrated great promise for the production of value-added chemicals.The atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is the essential driving force of tropospheric chemistry, but its quantitative representation remains limited. This study presents the detailed evaluation of AOC in the megacity of Beijing based on newly developed indexes that represent the estimated oxidative capacity from the prospective of oxidation products (AOIe) and the potential oxidative capacity considering the oxidation rates of major reactants by oxidants (AOIp). A comprehensive suite of data taken from summer and winter field campaigns were used to create these two indexes and in the calculation of AOC. The AOC showed a clear seasonal pattern, with stronger intensity in summer compared to winter. The gaseous-phase oxidation products (O3 and NO2) dominated AOIe (~80%) during summertime at both sites, while the contribution of particle-phase oxidation products (sulfate, nitrate, and secondary organic aerosol) to AOIe increased in winter (~30%). As for AOIp in summer, the dominant contributor was alkenes (31.0%, urban) and CO (38.5%, suburban), whereas CO and NO2 dominated AOIp at both urban (68.8%) and suburban (61.0%) sites during wintertime. As expected, the dominant oxidant contributor to AOIp during the daytime was OH, while O3 was the second most important oxidant at both sites. The diurnal variations of normalized AOIe and AOIp were examined, revealing that they share the same daytime peak but showed significant bias during the nighttime. To explore the possible deviation in sources between AOIe and AOIp, a constrained photochemical box model and a constrained multiphase chemical box model were used to evaluate AOC budgets and their source apportionment. Our results suggest that unmeasured OVOC (oxygenated volatile organic compound) species and missed heterogeneous oxidation processes in the calculation of AOIp contributed substantially to the underestimation of AOC by this index, which should be taken into consideration in future studies of AOC.The Atlantification of the European Arctic has been an increasingly discussed topic in polar science over the past two decades. The alteration of local marine ecosystems towards a more temperate state and the appearance/range expansion of subarctic-boreal species at higher latitudes is a complex phenomenon induced mainly by the changing properties of Atlantic water (AW) transported from the south. Areas under the direct influence of AW experience biological Atlantification of their communities on all trophic levels, resulting in the growing complexity of arctic food webs. Here, besides summarising the main documented messages of biological Atlantification, we take a critical view on the threat posed on Arctic marine communities. We take into account the formation of the Arctic marine fauna, as well as the nature of (re)colonisation of Arctic sites by boreal organisms when evaluating the extent of the issue. We take a look at the history of Arctic colonisations by boreal organisms in an attempt to identify 'neonative taxa returning home'. We also highlight the role of floating plastic debris as an 'instrument from the toolbox of the Anthropocene' aiding the distribution of marine taxa.Plant invasion can markedly alter soil fungal communities and nitrogen (N) availability; however, the linkage between the fungal decomposition capacity and N mineralization during plant invasion remains largely unknown. Here, we examined the relationship between net mineralization rates and relevant functional genes, as well as fungal species composition and function following Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) invasion of evergreen broadleaf forests, by studying broadleaf forests (non-invaded), mixed bamboo-broadleaf forests (moderately invaded) and bamboo forests (heavily invaded). Fungal species composition and functional genes involved in organic matter decomposition (laccase and cellobiohydrolase), N mineralization (alkaline peptidases) and nitrification (ammonia monooxygenase) were determined via high-throughput sequencing and real-time PCR. Both net ammonification and nitrification rates were generally increased with bamboo invasion into the broadleaf forest, where the net ammonification rate, on average, was 10.8 times higher than the nitrification rate across the three forest types. The fungal species composition and ecological guilds were altered with bamboo invasion, as demonstrated by the increased proportion of saprotrophs but decreased proportion of symbiotrophs in the bamboo forest. The increased net ammonification rate in bamboo forest was positively correlated with both fungal species composition and functional groups, and the fungal lcc gene (for lignin breakdown) abundance explained 67% of the variation of the net ammonification rate. In addition, the gene abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) explained 62% of the variation of net nitrification rate across the three forest types. The increased soil ammonification and nitrification rates following bamboo invasion of broadleaf forests suggest that the bamboo-invasion associated increase in soil N supply provided a positive feedback that facilitated bamboo invasion into broadleaf forests.Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been intensely studied for the removal of refractory pollutants because of the strong oxidizing capacity of hydroxyl radical. One of the emerging AOP methods gaining increased attention is bio-electro-Fenton (BEF) which can generate hydroxyl radical in-situ in the cathode chamber using the energy harvested by exoelectrogenic bacteria in the anode. buy Imatinib In this study, the feasibility of BEF technology for the removal of metoprolol, a typical micropollutant widely found in the water environment, was for the first time investigated. It was found that applied voltage and working pH had a significant effect on removal efficiency while Fe2+ dosage as catalyst showed a little effect. Besides removal by hydroxyl radical, metoprolol might be adsorbed on the surface of the reactor, electrode, and precipitated with iron sludge, especially at neutral pH. In a batch experiment with a supplied voltage of 0.2 V, pH 3, and a Fe2+ dose of 0.2 mM, the removal rate of metoprolol in the BEF for the synthetic wastewater and the real effluent from the secondary sediment tank was 66% and 55% within 12 h, respectively. A possible degradation pathway was proposed. Then the removal of metoprolol in a continuous flow BEF system was further studied at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 2, 4, and 6 h, about 77%, 92%, and 95% removal was observed. A toxicity test (less than 20% inhibition on bioluminescence) during treatment and energy cost analysis (5.269 × 10-3 kWh/order/m3) in treating 10 μg/L of metoprolol containing wastewater effluent at continuous flow mode implied that the proposed BEF has a potential for wastewater treatment.Diet is an important factor in shaping and influencing both an insect's phenotype and gut bacterial community, which commonly establishes diversely symbiotic interactions with the host. Efforts to leverage the connection between diet, insects, and gut microbiome primarily focus on how diet alters insect's phenotype or gut microbial composition and relatively few studies have illuminated the link between the diet-induced insect phenotypic difference and variation of gut microbiota. Mirids bugs, Adelphocoris suturalis, are plant sap-feeding omnivores that sometimes complementarily prey on other insects, like aphids (the dietary regime is referred to hereafter as balanced diet). In this study, we found that an imbalanced diet (exclusive ingestion of aphids) induced significantly higher mortality in A. suturalis (86.66%). Further gut microbial community analysis showed that the dietary difference significantly changed both the abundance and composition of the bug's gut microbiome. Most notably, an abundance of entomopathogenic Serratia bacteria in the A. suturalis gut was positively correlated with the proportion of aphids in A. suturalis diet, and Serratia marcescens was found to transfer into the hemocoels of carnivorous bugs. Injection of S. marcescens to the hemocoels further confirmed its detrimental effect to the bugs. Collectively, our study suggests that the diet-altered variation of gut microbiota may be detrimental to host insect, advancing the knowledge of omnivorous insects' strategy in forage allocation of different foods.While we officially live in the Holocene epoch, global warming and many other impacts of global change have led to the proposal and wide adoption of the Anthropocene to define the present geological epoch. The Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) established that it should be treated as a formal stratigraphic unit, demonstrated by a reference level commonly known as "golden spike", still under discussion. Here we show that the onset of bomb-derived plutonium recorded in two banded massive corals from the Caribbean Sea is consistent (1955-1956 CE), so sites far from nuclear testing grounds are potentially suitable to host a type section of the Anthropocene. Coastal coral demonstration sites are feasible, could foster economic development, and may serve as focal points for scientific dissemination and environmental education.
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