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Dental injury reduction through endotracheal intubation--review regarding materials.
Background When vaccines became first available during the Covid-19 pandemic, their demand significantly exceeded their supply. In consequence, the access to vaccines, initially, was distributed unequally. At the same time, governments started easing pandemic restrictions for vaccinated and recovered persons and restoring their freedoms since their risk of transmitting the virus is significantly reduced. Evidence We show that restoring freedoms for vaccinated and recovered persons - while upholding restrictions for the rest of the population - is morally unfair during vaccine scarcity. Further, it may yield unintended side-effects, including perverse incentives, growing rifts in society, and the expansion of marginalization. Policy Options & Recommendations We recommend accompanying easing for vaccinated and recovered individuals by mitigation measures for those who are neither vaccinated nor recovered. We propose, first, to temporarily lift the same restrictions for negative-tested individuals, as for vaccinated or recovered people. Second, the state must ensure broad and easy access to testing for everyone - free of charge. Conclusion If done right, these mitigation measures create (at least temporarily) equal access to freedom for everybody - solving the moral problem of unfair access to freedoms and counteracting possible negative consequences.Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic represents a major crisis for governments and populations. The public's risk perceptions, knowledge, and behaviors are key factors that play a vital role in the transmission of infectious diseases. Our scoping review aims to map the early evidence on risk perceptions, knowledge, and behaviors of general and high-risk adult populations towards COVID-19. Methods A systematic scoping review was conducted of peer-reviewed articles in five databases on studies conducted during the early stages of COVID-19. Thirty-one studies meeting the inclusion criteria were appraised and analyzed. Results The levels of risk perceptions, knowledge, and behaviors towards COVID-19 were moderate to high in both general and high-risk adult populations. Adults were knowledgeable about preventive behaviors. Our review identified hand-washing and avoiding crowded places as dominant preventive behaviors. Being a female, older, more educated, and living in urban areas was associated with better knowledge of COVID-19 and appropriate preventive behaviors. Conclusion This review offers a first understanding of risk perceptions, knowledge and behaviors of adult populations during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Liver injury during SARS-CoV-2 infection has a multifactorial pathogenesis and it is frequent in pediatric cases.

We report a case with severe hypertransaminasemia associated with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection.

This highlights the potential need of hepatic function evaluation during acute illness and follow-up even in non-critically ill children with COVID-19.
This highlights the potential need of hepatic function evaluation during acute illness and follow-up even in non-critically ill children with COVID-19.Federated learning came into being with the increasing concern of privacy security, as people's sensitive information is being exposed under the era of big data. It is an algorithm that does not collect users' raw data, but aggregates model parameters from each client and therefore protects user's privacy. Nonetheless, due to the inherent distributed nature of federated learning, it is more vulnerable under attacks since users may upload malicious data to break down the federated learning server. In addition, some recent studies have shown that attackers can recover information merely from parameters. Hence, there is still lots of room to improve the current federated learning frameworks. In this survey, we give a brief review of the state-of-the-art federated learning techniques and detailedly discuss the improvement of federated learning. Several open issues and existing solutions in federated learning are discussed. We also point out the future research directions of federated learning.
Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s11704-021-0598-z.
Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s11704-021-0598-z.The stressors caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have influenced both the physical and the mental health of the elderly, increasing their vulnerability. Counselling by the mental healthcare nurse is a critical protective factor in mitigating the mental health effects of COVID-19. However, counselling is unintentionally interrupted by the effects of the mask as a barrier to non-verbal communication. This commentary aims at conscientisation of mental healthcare nursing practice interruptions to non-verbal communication, brought upon by the pandemic. Practice recommendations focus on mask-wearing becoming less of a stressor to offset the challenges experienced by both the elderly and the mental healthcare nurses.
The authors conclude that a need exists to revisit the fundamentals of counselling, and show initiative to addressing the practice challenges created by the wearing of masks yet simultaneously contribute to #flatten_the_mental_illness_curve.
The authors conclude that a need exists to revisit the fundamentals of counselling, and show initiative to addressing the practice challenges created by the wearing of masks yet simultaneously contribute to #flatten_the_mental_illness_curve.Fractures of the femoral head are rare injuries, which typically occur after posterior hip dislocation.The Pipkin classification, developed in 1957, is the most commonly used classification scheme to date.The injury is mostly caused by high-energy trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or falls from a significant height.Emergency treatment consists of urgent closed reduction of the hip joint, followed by non-operative or operative treatment of the femoral head fracture and any associated injuries.There is an ongoing controversy about the suitable surgical approach (anterior vs. posterior) for addressing fractures of the femoral head. Fracture location, degree of displacement, joint congruity and the presence of loose fragments, as well as concomitant injuries are crucial factors in choosing the adequate surgical approach.Long-term complications such as osteonecrosis of the femoral head, posttraumatic osteoarthritis and heterotopic ossification can lead to a relatively poor functional outcome. Cite this article EFORT Open Rev 2021;61122-1131. DOI 10.1302/2058-5241.6.210034.Early reported complication rates with the Grammont-type reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) were very high, up to 24%.A 'problem' is defined as an intraoperative or postoperative event that is not likely to affect the patient's final outcome, such as intraoperative cement extravasation and radiographic changes. A 'complication' is defined as an intraoperative or postoperative event that is likely to affect the patient's final outcome, including infection, neurologic injury and intrathoracic central glenoid screw placement.Radiographic changes around the glenoid or humeral components of the RSA are very frequently observed and described in the literature.High complication rates related to the Grammont RSA design led to development of non-Grammont designs which led to a dramatic fall in the majority of complications.The percentage of radiological changes after RSA is not negligible and remains unsolved, despite a decrease in its occurrence in the last decade. However, such changes should be now considered as simple problems because they rarely have a negative influence on the patient's final outcome, and their prevalence has dramatically decreased.With further changes in indications and designs for RSA, it is crucial to accurately track the rates and types of complications to justify its new designs and increased indications. Cite this article EFORT Open Rev 2021;61109-1121. DOI 10.1302/2058-5241.6.210040.The initial reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), designed by Paul Grammont, was intended to treat rotator cuff tear arthropathy in elderly patients. In the early experience, high complication rates (up to 24%) and revision rates (up to 50%) were reported.The most common complications reported were scapular notching, whereas clinically more relevant complications such as instability and acromial fractures were less commonly described.Zumstein et al defined a 'complication' following RSA as any intraoperative or postoperative event that was likely to have a negative influence on the patient's final outcome.High rates of complications related to the Grammont RSA design led to development of non-Grammont designs, with 135 or 145 degrees of humeral inclination, multiple options for glenosphere size and eccentricity, improved baseplate fixation which facilitated glenoid-sided lateralization, and the option of humeral-sided lateralization.Improved implant characteristics combined with surgeon experience led to a dramatic fall in the majority of complications. However, we still lack a suitable solution for several complications, such as acromial stress fracture. Cite this article EFORT Open Rev 2021;61097-1108. DOI 10.1302/2058-5241.6.210039.Rotator cuff tears are a common condition of the shoulder, and 20.7% of people with the condition have a full-thickness rotator cuff tear. The purpose of this study was to explore the risk factors for full-thickness rotator cuff tears and to provide evidence to support the accurate diagnosis of full-thickness rotator cuff tears.Studies from PubMed, Embase and Web of Science published before 30 January 2021 were retrieved. All cohort studies and cross-sectional studies on risk factors for full-thickness rotator cuff tears were included. A meta-analysis was performed in RevMan 5.3 to calculate the relative risks (RRs) or weighted mean differences (WMDs) of related risk factors. Stata 15.1 was used for the quantitative analysis of publication bias.In total, 11 articles from six countries, including 4047 cases, with 1518 cases and 2529 controls, were included. The meta-analysis showed that age (MD = 0.76, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.28, P = 0.004), hypertension (RR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.81, P = 0.0007) and critical shoulder angle (CSA) (MD = 2.02, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.48, P less then 0.00001) were risk factors for full-thickness rotator cuff tears.Our results also suggested that body mass index, sex, dominant hand, smoking, diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease were not risk factors for full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Early identification of risk factors for full-thickness rotator cuff tears is helpful in identifying high-risk patients and choosing the appropriate treatment. Cite this article EFORT Open Rev 2021;61087-1096. DOI 10.1302/2058-5241.6.210027.The treatment of small to moderate size defects in revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) has yielded good results with various techniques (cement and screws, small metal augments, impaction bone grafting and modular stems). However, the treatment of severe defects remains problematic.Severe defects have typically been treated with large allograft and metaphyseal sleeves. The use of structural allograft has decreased in recent years due to increased long-term failure rates and the introduction of highly porous metal augments (cones and sleeves).A systematic review of level IV evidence studies on the outcomes of rTKA metaphyseal sleeves found a 4% rate of septic revision, and a rate of septic loosening of the sleeves of 0.35%. Aseptic re-revision was required in 3% of the cases. check details The rate of aseptic loosening of the sleeves was 0.7%, and the rate of intraoperative fracture was 3.1%. The mean follow-up was 3.7 years.Another systematic review of tantalum cones and sleeves found a reoperation rate of 9.7% and a 0.
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