Notes

Estetrol-Drospirenone combination mouth contraceptive: a new clinical study associated with birth control pill effectiveness, bleeding structure and also protection inside Europe as well as Spain.
05).

Differences of the opinions had their relationships to demographic characteristics of the subjects as well as related to perceived knowledge of COVID-19.
Differences of the opinions had their relationships to demographic characteristics of the subjects as well as related to perceived knowledge of COVID-19.
Inappropriate completion of abdominal radiographs results in unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation. This quality improvement project aimed to reduce the number of inappropriate abdominal radiographs performed in the emergency department.

Abdominal radiograph request forms were analyzed with reference to the Royal College of Radiologists (RCR) iRefer guidance. A teaching session was then delivered to ED clinicians and posters were disseminated within the department. Post-intervention data collection followed.

Following the intervention, there was an increase in the proportion of abdominal radiographs meeting iRefer guidance, which was accompanied by an increased diagnostic yield of these investigations. There was a reduction in the number of requests post-intervention.

Our interventions helped increase awareness of both the guidelines and radiation dose associated with each study. Routine education of the iRefer guidelines will help reduce inappropriate requests. This in turn will reduce unnecessary radiation exposure, whilst also reducing the financial burden.
Our interventions helped increase awareness of both the guidelines and radiation dose associated with each study. Routine education of the iRefer guidelines will help reduce inappropriate requests. This in turn will reduce unnecessary radiation exposure, whilst also reducing the financial burden.Health care workers are at the frontline for management and containment of COVID-19 infection which has put them at additional risk of the disease. Infection and subsequent quarantine of contacts among HCW may produce considerable strain on the health care system. It is essential that we study the modes by which HCW may get infected in the work environment.
All HCW testing positive for SARS COV 2 from 1
March 2020 to 31
Jan 2021 were included in the study. Data regarding possible source of infection, details of symptoms along with demographic details were collected.

A total of 390 health-care workers tested positive for SARS CoV-2 in the institution. The mean age of affected health-care workers was 32.82 (±10.6) years (range 20-65 years), and 61.3% were female 33% of the positive HCW were doctors and 19.5% nurses. 29% of the infections occurred during patient care of which majority were from the non-COVID areas of the hospital. Interactions with infected colleagues constituted 27.4% of the infections. Symptomatics constituted 67% and the predominant symptoms included Fever, myalgia and severe headache. 57.2% of those followed up reported persistence of symptoms, commonly fatigue (53%), dyspnea on exertion (48%) and myalgia (18%).

Infection control practices in non-COVID areas of the hospital needs to be stepped up. Adherence to masking and personal protection during clinical interactions and with colleagues needs to be maintained. Physical distancing at workplace and during mealtimes needs to be ensured by the system.
Infection control practices in non-COVID areas of the hospital needs to be stepped up. Adherence to masking and personal protection during clinical interactions and with colleagues needs to be maintained. Physical distancing at workplace and during mealtimes needs to be ensured by the system.
Disturbances in mineral and bone metabolism are prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are important causes of morbidity also their diagnosis often delayed and require a spectrum of investigations. The current study attempts to predict and correlate, the fracture risk using simple tools like BMD and FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment Tool) score in CKD patients.

A cross-sectional study among 50 CKD patients age more that 40 years attending OPD (Out Patient Department) at a tertiary care Hospital in north India.

There is a negative correlation between BMD (NOF) and FRAX score for hip fracture risk and major osteoporotic fracture risk.

The 10-year fracture risk in these patients, as predicted by FRAX score using FRAX (Indian) calculator, was significantly higher in CKD patients.

FRAX can be useful tool for early screening of fracture risk in such situations for timely interventions.
FRAX can be useful tool for early screening of fracture risk in such situations for timely interventions.Disaster incidents leading to massive obliterations often bring to the forefront the inadequacies of the systems, infrastructure as well as personages. In healthcare settings, these imperfections are usually exhibited specifically during fire disasters. Fluorofurimazine This case report details a true fire incident that erupted in a patient bed-head panel of an emergency complex room and describes the real-life challenges encountered by the emergency staff in preserving both life and property. Bed-head units encompass both electrical and medical gases a structural component quite common in modern hospitals. Precautionary measures should be implemented to mitigate such incidents, as well as specific attention, should be made during the designing and installation of these bed-head panels. Better coordination, scheduled training, and fire drills can improve the overall outcomes and minimize the possibility of these potentially fatal problems, thereby, making a safer healthcare environment for every worker and patient.
Most studies on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among children and adolescents pertain to adolescents and Indian data on childhood-onset OCD are scant.

To evaluate the clinical profile of OCD among children and adolescents with onset before the age of 12 years.

Children and adolescents who attended the outpatient clinic with a clinical diagnosis of OCD were included in the study. Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) was used to assess the phenomenology and severity of OCD. The diagnoses of OCD and comorbid disorders were based on DSM5 diagnostic criteria. Children with the onset of symptoms before the age of 12 years were analyzed.

Among the 46 children with OCD, 31 (16 boys and 15 girls) had onset before the age of 12 years. The youngest child was 6 years old and in 29% of children, OCD symptoms began before the age of 8 years. Family history of OCD, other mental illnesses, and tics disorder was present in 48.4%, 29%, and 12.9% of children, respectively. Comorbid tics disorder was present in 12 (38.6%) children and 1 (3%) child each had depression and conduct disorder. Common obsessions and compulsions were obsessions of contamination (77.4%) and washing and cleaning compulsions (87.1%). Miscellaneous obsessions and compulsions occurred in 25.8% and 77.4% of children, respectively.

OCD is not uncommon in young children. The present study provides preliminary data on childhood-onset OCD among children and adolescents and points to the need for larger community-based studies.
OCD is not uncommon in young children. The present study provides preliminary data on childhood-onset OCD among children and adolescents and points to the need for larger community-based studies.
Traditional Medicine refers to knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures. Women have been reported to utilize orthodox health care facilities more hence this study in an urban center.

To determine the utilization of traditional healers, preference of healthcare and co-utilization of traditional and orthodox medicine among women in an urban community in Lagos, Nigeria.

A cross sectional design using a multistage sampling to select 270 women in Mosan Okunola, Lagos, Nigeria in 2019. A pretested semi-structured intervieweradministered questionnaire and an in-depth interview were used to obtain data from participants. Utilization of traditional healers was referenced within the last 12 months.

Sixty three percent (63.2%) of the study population utilized traditional healers and 80.6% of respondents that accessed healthcare utilized traditional healers. The Traditional Medicine ingredient dealer was the most patronized (74.6% of responden used by patients should be delved into by orthodox health practitioners.
There is an increasing awareness about chronotype and depression among patients with diabetes mellitus as commonly ignored serious association. We aimed to investigate the same among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their relation to glycaemic control.

This case-control study conducted at two diabetes centers in Omdurman, Sudan during the period from April 2019 to September 2019. Ninety-two patient with type 2 diabetes and 94 controls signed a written informed consent then interviewed using a structured questionnaire based on the morningness-eveningness scale and the 12-item general health questionnaire; A blood sample was taken for the glycated haemoglobin to assess glycaemic control. The Statistical Package for Social Silences was used for Data analysis.

They were 92 patients with diabetes (58.7% women) and 94 healthy control subjects (52.1% women); matched for ages (57.03 ± 8.59 for diabetic patients and 58.46 ± 10.58 years for control subjects) and sex. Morning chronotype was reported in 9social jetlag among patients with diabetes are needed.Khat is an evergreen plant and its fresh green leaves and buds are chewed for several hours a day for its psychostimulant response. This study aimed to review the effects of khat chewing on the body. PubMed was searched for literature on the different aspects of khat chewing to summarize its effects on different body systems. The major effects of khat chewing are those on the cardiovascular system including increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and increased risk of myocardial infarction. It causes insomnia, stress, depression, hallucination, and increased risk of brain stroke. It causes dental caries, bad oral hygiene, periodontitis, increased oral mucosal ulcers, and increased gingival bleeding and recession. Khat chewing causes loss of appetite, gastritis, constipation, and hemorrhoids, and increased risk of hepatotoxicity and liver cirrhosis. Ultimately, it causes weak micturition, decreased sperm motility and count, and low birth-weight offspring in khat chewing mothers. The published articles about khat chewing in journals indexed in the PubMed was reviewed. Inclusion criteria involved each article available with English language and have a reported new effect of khat chewing.Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is the most common endocrinological abnormality found in children. The incidence of T1DM has steadily increased in nearly all parts of the world. Both genetic susceptibility and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis. It is caused due to either decreased or absent insulin production in the body due to multiple etiologies. We have done a literature review of type 1 DM in children and a clinical audit of point prevalence of type 1 DM cases & its clinical correlates of patients presenting at the tertiary level hospital, AIIMS Rishikesh, over two years six months period (April 2015 to September 2017). We found the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (Type 1) is 2.88%. Among clinical features at presentation, 56.5% presented with polyuria, 34.8% with polydipsia, 21.7% with polyphagia, 39.1% with weight loss. 26.1% of patients had diabetic ketoacidosis at presentation. The majority of children have deranged HbA1C levels (94.4%). It is concluded that children presented with higher HbA1c levels at onset and higher duration of symptoms are at greater risk for the development of complications.
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