Notes

Intercession role regarding body fat distribution (FD) on the connection involving CAV1 rs3807992 polymorphism along with metabolic malady within over weight and fat ladies.
Epicondylitis is a common cause of elbow pain in athletes and the general population. It can occur both at the medial and lateral epicondyle with medial epicondylitis occurring less frequently than lateral epicondylitis. HOpic clinical trial Medial epicondylitis, also known as “golfer’s elbow” or “thrower’s elbow”, refers to the chronic tendinosis of the flexor-pronator musculature insertion on the medial epicondyle of the humerus as a result of overuse or repetitive stress. The flexor-pronator muscle group is composed of the pronator teres and the common flexor tendon, which includes tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, and palmaris longus. The flexor carpi radialis and the pronator teres are the most commonly involved tendons in medial epicondylitis. The medial epicondyle also serves at the origin of the ulnar (or medial) collateral ligament (UCL). The common flexor tendon and UCL provide stability to flexion and valgus forces at the elbow. The ulnar nerve runs posterior to the medial epicondyle within the cubital tunnel. Although termed epicondylitis, a more appropriate description, especially in a chronic setting, would be epicondylosis or epicondylalgia. Current literature shows that the underlying process appears to be degeneration and granulation tissue formation that is referred to as “angiofibroblastic hyperplasia or tendinosis” without the presence of a definitive inflammatory process. However, it should be noted, that there is no clear evidence that the early stages of the condition do not have an inflammatory component.Pressure injuries are defined as localized damage to the skin as well as underlying soft tissue, usually occurring over a bony prominence or related to medical devices. They are the result of prolonged or severe pressure with contributions from shear and friction forces. These skin and soft tissue injuries remain a significant problem within hospitals and long-term care facilities and result in decreased quality of life, high costs for both the patient and our health care system, as well as increased morbidity and mortality. As pressure injuries may be considered an indicator of the quality of care of a facility, inadequate steps in prevention or treatment can lead to litigation. Awareness of factors that may contribute to the pathogenesis of pressure injuries enables the identification of those patients at risk for their development, and preventive measures can be aimed towards these particular patients. As treatments for pressure injuries have been characterized and evaluated with variable degrees of completeness, there remains uncertainty regarding the best options for management.An aneurysm is an abnormal dilatation or bulging in a blood vessel due to the intrinsic weakness of the vessel wall. Aneurysms can affect any blood vessel, but they are most commonly seen in arteries rather than veins. An aneurysm can be a true aneurysm or false aneurysm. A true aneurysm has all the three layers of the arterial wall (intima, media, and adventitia). A false aneurysm, also known as pseudoaneurysm, involves the outer layer of the artery (adventitia). Depending on their shape, they can be saccular or fusiform. Cerebral aneurysms are 90% saccular aneurysms (also known as berry aneurysms), unlike aortic aneurysms, which are about 94% fusiform. Aneurysms can be classified based on their location in the body. Depending on the etiology can be dissecting or mycotic aneurysms. This review will focus on saccular cerebral and aortic aneurysms. Saccular cerebral aneurysms can also be classified by size (small 5 mm or less, medium 6 to 14 mm, large 15 to 25 mm, giant greater than 25 mm). Most cerebral aneurysms are asymptomatic and small, and they are found incidentally during brain imaging or during an autopsy. About 85% of cerebral aneurysms are located in the anterior circulation at the arterial bifurcations on the circle of Willis and the middle cerebral artery bifurcation. Most of the saccular aortic aneurysms are located in the descending thoracic aorta.Toxicodendron is a genus of plants, shrubs, vines, and trees within the Anacardiaceae family. Common names of plants within the family include poison oak, poison ivy, poison sumac, and the Chinese lacquer tree. Many of these names come from similar appearances to other leaves that are non-toxic. The genus as a whole is widespread throughout North American except for Hawaii and Alaska and can have regional variations in appearance. Many of these plants prefer lower elevations and are typically found below 1500 meters. An often-repeated adage regarding their identification is “leaves of three, leave it be” but should be the sole method used. Poison ivy is pervasive throughout North American and has been known to hybridize where their geographic distribution overlaps. Eastern poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) is commonly found in the eastern half of North America and typically appears as a vine with almond-shaped leaves in groups of three. Leaves change from green to red in the fall. Western or Rydberg’s poisound in sap channeled within the plant. When exposed to air, urushiol turns black and hardens to prevent moisture loss and can be useful in identifying plants in the fall. Urushiol is the primary allergenic cause of contact dermatitis and is typically encountered by brushing up against damaged stems or leaves. Exposure to the plants results in rapid absorption of the urushiol on contact due to its lipophilic nature. Names for the toxicity are variable and include names such as Rhus dermatitis, urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, and Toxicodendron dermatitis.Corneal dystrophy (CD) is most recently defined as a collection of rare hereditary non-inflammatory disorders of abnormal deposition of substances in the cornea. CD was coined in 1890 by Arthur Groenouw and Hugo Biber, and the efforts of Ernst Fuchs, Wilhelm Uhthoff, and Yoshiharu Yoshida solidified the foundation of the understanding of these diseases. As proposed in 2015 by the International Classification of Corneal Dystrophies (IC3D), CD is sub-classified by the anatomic location affected epithelial/subepithelial, epithelial-stromal, stromal, and endothelial dystrophies. Discoveries and unique case studies continue to broaden our understanding and classification of these diseases; therefore, it is difficult to categorize every single dystrophy solely into these four major labels. The objective of this article is to present an overview of the evaluation and management for the most prominent and understood variants of CD. Highlights of these dystrophies will be discussed. However, further in-depth discussion on these dystrophies will be in separate StatPearls articles.
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