Notes

Prior nose delivery of antagomiR-122 helps prevent radiation-induced brain injury.
The patients with low-grade IVH had lower FC rich club coefficient and lower SC betweenness centrality in the left frontoparietal operculum, and lower SC rich club coefficient in the right superior orbitofrontal cortex than the control subjects.

Topological and functional properties of mature brain connectivity are present in MLPT infants. IVH in these infants was associated with structural and functional abnormalities in the left frontoparietal operculum and right orbitofrontal cortex, regions related to language and cognition.
Topological and functional properties of mature brain connectivity are present in MLPT infants. IVH in these infants was associated with structural and functional abnormalities in the left frontoparietal operculum and right orbitofrontal cortex, regions related to language and cognition.
Adult brainstem gliomas (BSGs) are rare central nervous system tumours characterized by a highly heterogeneous clinical course. Median survival times range from 11 to 84months. Beyond surgery, no treatment standard has been established. We investigated clinical and radiological data to assess prognostic features providing support for treatment decisions.

34 BSG patients treated between 2000 and 2019 and aged ≥ 18years at the time of diagnosis were retrospectively identified from the databases of the two largest Austrian Neuro-Oncology centres. Clinical data including baseline characteristics, clinical disease course, applied therapies, the outcome as well as neuroradiological and neuropathological findings were gathered and analysed. The tumour apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), volumetry of contrast-enhancing and non-contrast-enhancing lesions were determined on magnetic resonance imaging scans performed at diagnosis.

The median age at diagnosis was 38.5years (range 18-71years). Tumour progression occurred in 26/34 (76.5%) patients after a median follow up time of 19months (range 0.9-236.2). Median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was 24.1months (range 0.9-236.2; 95% CI 18.1-30.1) and 14.5months (range 0.7-178.5; 95% CI 5.1-23.9), respectively. Low-performance status, high body mass index (BMI) at diagnosis and WHO grading were associated with shorter PFS and OS at univariate analysis (p < 0.05, log rank test, respectively). ADC values below the median were significantly associated with shorter OS (14.9 vs 44.2months, p = 0.018).

ECOG, BMI, WHO grade and ADC values were associated with the survival prognosis of BSG patients and should be included in the prognostic assessment.
ECOG, BMI, WHO grade and ADC values were associated with the survival prognosis of BSG patients and should be included in the prognostic assessment.
This study aims to determine the relationship of frozen section (FS) to final histology and determine how incorporating FS may change preoperative malignancy risk estimates based on preoperative fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). The secondary aim is to determine if FS is useful in influencing intraoperative decision-making.

Retrospective review of 426 intraoperative FS for parotidectomies performed for primary parotid lesions.

Risk of malignancy with a benign FS was 2.5%, with indeterminate 36.1%, and with malignant 100%. Incorporating FS to fine needle aspiration for cytology helped to stratify malignancy risk especially in the Milan categories of atypia of undetermined significance, neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential and non-diagnostic categories, where a malignant FS increased malignancy risk significantly. FS was only able to identify 11% of high-risk histological subtypes for which a neck dissection would be recommended.

FS may be used to stratify malignancy risk intraoperatively but has limited utility in clinical decision-making to perform a neck dissection and more extensive parotid resection in high-risk histological subtypes.
FS may be used to stratify malignancy risk intraoperatively but has limited utility in clinical decision-making to perform a neck dissection and more extensive parotid resection in high-risk histological subtypes.The association of proadrenomedullin and neonatal sepsis has been examined in numerous studies. The object of our meta-analysis is to evaluate differences in proadrenomedullin among neonates with sepsis and health neonates. We systematically searched the following databases MEDLINE, Clinicaltrials.gov, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Google Scholar, and WHO (International Clinical Trials Register Platform) using a structured algorithm. Statistical analysis was conducted using Revman 5.3 and R software. Included studies in the meta-analysis were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Proadrenomedullin levels were found significantly higher in neonates with sepsis than healthy neonates with an SMD equal with 3.07 [95% CI 1.71, 4.42 (p  less then  10-5, I2 = 98%)]. The optimal cutoff point of pro-ADM was calculated at 17.559 with a sensitivity of 0.879 (0.458; 0.984) and a specificity of 0.994 (0.820; 1.000), and an AUC of 0.905. Subgroup analysis, leave-one-out meta-analysis, and meta-regression were performed in an effort to lower inter-study heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by excluding high risk of bias studies and those contributing to the overall heterogeneity shown by the Baujat plot. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and the trim-and-fill method. Certainty assessment was evaluated using the GRADE score.Conclusion The findings of our meta-analysis suggest that proadrenomedullin is elevated in neonates with sepsis. However, future prospective cohort studies need to be conducted in order to assess its diagnostic accuracy. What is Known • Proadrenomedullin has been found increased in adult patients with infectious diseases such as community acquired pneumonia. • Proadrenomedullin plays a major role in the pathophysiology of sepsis in adults. What is New • Proadrenomedullin is increased in neonates with sepsis. • Future cohort studies need to be conducted in order to elucidate the value of proadrenomedullin in a safer way.Cognitive control (CC) represents one of six constructs within the research domain criteria (RDoC) domain of cognitive systems, which can be examined using different units of analyses (from genetic and molecular mechanisms to neural circuits and self-reports). The CC is defined as the ability to execute top-down control over task-specific processes and to coordinate thought and actions to achieve a specific goal. Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, recent studies provided important findings about central neuronal components of the CC network and the interactions with other relevant functional systems. In the development and maintenance of distinct psychiatrically relevant symptoms, such as auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) or hearing voices, dysfunctional CC is thought to play an essential transdiagnostic role. selleck kinase inhibitor This selective literature review addresses the specific and clinically relevant question of the extent to which the RDoC construct of CC has been incorporated into studies investigating the neurobiological mechanisms of AVH. In addition, an overview of the extent to which findings exploring the underlying mechanisms have been transferred into daily clinical routine is provided. Furthermore, future research perspectives and therapeutic approaches are discussed. Based on currently preferred neurobiological models of AVH, nonpharmacological strategies, such as brain stimulation techniques and psychotherapy can be derived. Further research perspectives arise in the field of interventional studies oriented towards the RDoC matrix.The research domain criteria (RDoC) initiative of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) was presented 12 years ago. The RDoC provides a matrix for the systematic, dimensional and domain-based study of mental disorders that is not based on established disease entities as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The primary aim of RDoC is to understand the nature of mental health and illness in terms of different extents of dysfunction in psychological/biological systems with interconnected diagnoses. This selective review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of RDoC-based studies that have contributed to a better conceptual organization of mental disorders. Numerous promising and methodologically sophisticated studies on RDoC were identified. The number of scientific studies increased over time, indicating that dimensional research is increasingly being pursued in psychiatry. In summary, the RDoC initiative has a considerable potential to more precisely define the complexity of pathomechanisms underlying mental disorders; however, major challenges (e.g. small and heterogeneous study samples, unclear biomarker definitions and lack of replication studies) remain to be overcome in the future. Furthermore, it is plausible that a diagnostic system of the future will integrate categorical and dimensional approaches to arrive at a stratification that can underpin a precision medical approach in psychiatry.
Visual hallucinations (VH) have mainly been considered as late symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, minor forms of VH also occur in early stages of the disease. Initially dopaminergic overstimulation was discussed as the cause and later on VH have been considered as an early red flag of dementia in PD.

The presentstudy analyzed whether the pathophysiological concept of VH has been enlarged in recent years.

Clinical, pharmacological, neuropathological as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging studies dealing with VH were reviewed. Asystematic classification in monomodal and multimodal models of VH is proposed. The applicability to various forms of VH and various triggering situations is critically examined.

Reduction of the visual information input, erroneous visual processing, attention deficits, and dysfunctional connectivity between various cerebral networks have been shown. There is partial overlapping with the Lhermitte syndrome and the Charles Bonnet syndrome. No model is able to fully explain all VH variants. Not all VH have the same pathogenesis and the same poor prognosis.

The chain of causes underlying VH is complex and can vary from patient to patient. So far the therapeutic applications are largely unexplored; however, there is preliminary evidence that beside adjustment of the medication, improvement of visual acuity, active involvement of the partner, and possibly, individually adaptable coping strategies could be successfully implemented.
The chain of causes underlying VH is complex and can vary from patient to patient. So far the therapeutic applications are largely unexplored; however, there is preliminary evidence that beside adjustment of the medication, improvement of visual acuity, active involvement of the partner, and possibly, individually adaptable coping strategies could be successfully implemented.Left atrial (LA) function can help predict various cardiovascular events. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) modifies baseline LA function through the maintenance of sinus rhythm and myocardial injury. We investigated the impact of post-ablation LA function on recurrence of AF after ablation and identified the predictors of reduced post-ablation LA function. A total of 616 patients who underwent AF ablation (paroxysmal, N = 310; non-paroxysmal, N = 306) were retrospectively examined with cardiac computed tomography at baseline and 3 months after the final ablation procedure. Post-ablation LA emptying fraction (LAEFpost) was calculated. We evaluated the association between LAEFpost and recurrence of AF after the final ablation procedure. Further, we assessed the predictors of reduced LAEFpost. The recurrence rate of AF was 72.7% after the final ablation procedure [median follow-up 48 months (48.0, 48.0), total number of ablation sessions 1.4 ± 0.7]. Multivariate analysis revealed that LAEFpost was associated with the recurrence of AF (hazard ratio/10% increase 0.
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