Notes

Position associated with vitamin Deb, antioxidant digestive enzymes, as well as antioxidising elements inside neonates using neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
oes not provide a reasonable alternative for assessing anthelmintic efficacy when immature stages of the lifecycle are included. These results show no evidence of loss of susceptibility to the tested anthelmintics on these farms supporting the perception of producers that participated in the survey that current treatments work effectively. The reduced efficacy of PIP against some species and immature stages is related to its spectrum of activity rather than providing evidence of emerging resistance.Macrocyclic lactones are widely used endectocides in ruminants, with a high margin of safety for labeled indications. No previous report of iatrogenic doramectin overdosing has been published. We report an outbreak in a sheep flock in Northeast Patagonia, Argentina. Toxicity signs were observed in more than 10% and 59% of ewes and lambs, respectively, particularly those with low body condition, treated with doramectin 3.5% long-acting injectable formulation, presumably at the indicated dose of 700 μg/kg. Clinical signs included lethargy, mydriasis and coma. Doramectin concentration in blood samples was 826.8 (±119.3) ng/ml. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and liver doramectin concentration in euthanized lambs were 3.26-4.28 ng/ml and 8506-8772 ng/g, respectively. Epidemiological and clinical information, and high doramectin concentration were sufficient to confirm the neurotoxicity. Scarce fat deposition could have altered doramectin pharmacokinetic which may have accounted for the observed neurotoxicity. Special care should be taken when animals under similar nutritional conditions are treated with macrocyclic lactones.Chile is a large country with a marked range of climate conditions that make it an ideal scenario for the study of vector-borne parasites (VBPs); however, knowledge about their distribution is limited to a few confined areas of this country. The presence of Hepatozoon spp., piroplasmids, Leishmania spp. and filarioids was investigated through molecular and serological methods in blood and serum samples of 764 free-ranging rural dogs, 154 Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus), and 91 South American grey foxes (Lycalopex griseus) from six bioclimatic regions across Chile. Hepatozoon spp. DNA was exclusively detected in foxes (43% prevalence), including sequences closely related to Hepatozoon felis (24.1%; only Andean foxes), Hepatozoon americanum (16.2%; only grey foxes), and Hepatozoon canis (1.25%; in one grey fox). Risk factor assessment identified a higher probability of Hepatozoon infection in juvenile foxes. DNA of piroplasmids was detected in 0.7% of dogs (Babesia vogeli) but in no fox, whilst antibodies against Babesia sp. were detected in 24% of the dogs and 25% of the foxes, suggesting a wider circulation of canine piroplasmids than previously believed. A positive association between the presence of antibodies against Babesia and high Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato burden was observed in dogs. Leishmania spp. Roxadustat DNA and antibodies were detected in 0.8% and 4.4% of the dogs, respectively. Acanthocheilonema reconditum was the only blood nematode detected (1.5% of the dogs and no fox). Differences in prevalence among bioregions were observed for some of the VBPs. These results expand our knowledge about the occurrence of vector-borne parasites in Chile, some of which are firstly reported herein. This information will facilitate the diagnosis of vector-borne diseases in domestic dogs and improve the control measures for both domestic and wild canids.Wild birds have an important role as hosts of ticks infected by rickettsiae. However, the role of birds as reservoirs of tick-borne rickettsiae is unknown and poorly understood. This is particularly relevant in several tropical and subtropical areas, where migration influences the global spread of ectoparasites and pathogens of public health importance. This research aimed to detect and evaluate the exposure to spotted fever group rickettsiae in wild birds that could represent reservoirs in the Department of Arauca in the Colombian Orinoquia region. Sampling was conducted in three municipalities of the Department of Arauca (Colombia). Blood samples were collected from 255 birds and processed to obtain serum (n = 155) and DNA (n = 255) samples. The serum samples were processed for indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA) for the detection of antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia parkeri, Rickettsia amblyommatis, Rickettsia rhipicephali, and Rickettsia bellii. Additionally, we investigated rickettsiae DNA in blood samples by amplification of the citrate synthase gene (gltA). The IFA results revealed seropositivity in 97 samples from 54 species of resident and migratory birds. No sample was positive for rickettsial DNA. The presence of antibodies in 62.5% of the sera indicates previous exposure of these birds to rickettsiae. The null detection of rickettsiae in the blood of seropositive birds is possibly due to a short period of bacteremia. Experimental studies are required to improve our understanding of the role of wild birds as sources of rickettsial infections in ticks.Hookworms are the most common and voracious blood-sucking parasites of the small intestines of mammalian hosts such as dogs, cats, ruminants and humans. Canine hookworms are endemic in the Southeast Asian countries including Bangladesh. There is scarcity of information on the prevalence of hookworms of stray dogs in Bangladesh. The present study determined the prevalence of canine hookworms using fecal examination followed by morphometric and molecular identification. Fecal samples were collected from 320 stray dogs living in rural areas of Mymensingh district (Gauripur upazila, Mymensingh sadar upazila and Tarakanda upazila) and hookworm eggs were identified using the flotation techniques. The overall prevalence of hookworm was 79.1% through microscopic examination. Estimated fecal prevalence was higher in Gauripur upazila (89.7%) followed by Mymensingh sadar upazila (84.8%) and Tarakanda upazila (53.2%). Five hookworm species were identified based on the morphometric examination, namely, Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma duodenale, respectively. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed with the genomic DNA by targeting the 5.8S rRNA (~ 404 bp) and Cytochrome oxidase-1 (Cox 1, ~ 450 bp) and confirmed the identification for the first time in Bangladesh. This study reveals that stray dogs may act as reservoir hosts of human hookworm infection. Further detail molecular study is warranted to explore the genetic diversity of hookworms that infect both dogs and human in Bangladesh.Haemonchus contortus can frequently be found infecting pre-weaned beef calves on sheep and beef farms around the North Island of New Zealand. The purpose of this study was to consider whether the presence of this parasite alone, or as part of a mixed infection, could be impacting growth rates of young animals, on three commercial farms in the North Island of New Zealand. Trials were conducted on commercial sheep and beef farms in each of the Northland, King Country and Gisborne regions, in late summer/autumn (February to April) of 2016 to measure the effect of treatment with narrow and broad spectrum anthelmintics on liveweight gain of spring-born calves pre-weaning. Each farm was chosen based on the presence of Haemonchus and that it was a beef cow/calf system with the cows and calves grazing the same pastures as sheep at some stage. Three sampling visits were made to each farm with the animals being weighed, faecal sampled and treated with one of two anthelmintics (Closantel alone to remove only Haemonchus or a triple combination containing moxidectin, levamisole and oxfendazole to remove all nematodes) or left untreated, on each of the first two visits. There was no significant difference in liveweight gain between any of the treatment groups, hence there was no evidence for an impact of Haemonchus alone, or a mixed nematode infection, on pre-weaned calf growth rates on these farms. It remains unclear whether there may be a justification to consider treatment of calves should they constitute a significant source of pasture larval infestation with H. contortus, in an integrated cattle-sheep system.Linguatula serrata is a worm-like parasite with zoonotic potential that inhabits the nasal cavities of canids. Although most cases of linguatulosis are associated with unspecific and rather mild respiratory symptoms, cases of unusual infestations and severe courses in both animals and humans have been reported. In central and northern Europe, the pathogen used to appear only sporadically, however, within the last few years the number of detections has increased noticeably. In July 2020 an approximately nine-month-old dog, imported from Romania, was presented in a veterinary practice in Gotha, central Germany, due to persistent worsening cough. Despite antibiotic treatment the tussis became more severe until the dog expectorated multiple worm-like structures. Three of these specimens were sent to the Institute of Parasitology (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig) for morphological and genetic species identification. The latter was based on a 1000-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (cox1) and the complete nuclear 18S rRNA gene. The dog presented in this study suffered from a severe respiratory impairment caused by worm-like parasites inhabiting its upper respiratory tract. The detected parasites were morphologically identified as female specimens of the so-called tongue-worm L. serrata, which was confirmed by pairwise alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the produced sequences. We report an unusually severe case of L. serrata infection in an imported dog and discuss the spread of this potentially dangerous parasite in central and northern Europe.Crenosoma vulpis, the fox lungworm, is a helminth parasite endemic to the fox population of New England. Domestic dogs are susceptible to infection via ingestion of snails and slugs. Two dogs from New England were diagnosed with C. vulpis. The predominant clinical sign in both dogs was a chronic cough. Treatment with steroids and antibiotics only temporarily relieved clinical signs. Thoracic radiographs in both dogs revealed bronchial patterns. Endotracheal washes were performed in each dog revealing marked, mixed inflammation consisting mainly of neutrophils with eosinophils in lesser numbers. Helminth larvae could also be visualized on cytology. A fecal flotation revealed helminth larvae in one dog but failed to identify larvae in the second dog. The diagnosis of C. vulpis was confirmed via PCR analysis and sequencing of samples from both endotracheal washes. One dog was treated with fenbendazole (50 mg/kg PO q24h for 14 days), enrofloxacin (13 mg/kg PO q 24 h for 5 days), and a tapering protocol of prednisone (20 mg PO q12h for 5 days, 20 mg PO q24h for 5 days, then 20 mg PO q48h for 10 days). The second dog was treated with fenbendazole (50 mg/kg PO q24h for 10 days) with an additional 7 days of febantel and two doses of milbemycin, achieving complete resolution of clinical signs. This lungworm is becoming increasingly more prevalent in domestic dogs worldwide and may be more prevalent in New England than previously thought. Veterinary practitioners of New England should include this respiratory helminth as a differential in dogs with respiratory signs, and respiratory washes and Baermann fecal examinations are warranted in dogs presenting with non-specific respiratory clinical signs.
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