Notes

Fast Growth of Outbreak Investigation: Significance regarding Dual-Use Hazards.
This study examined (a) the impact of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on engagement in activity participation in persons with acquired brain injury (ABI); and (b) whether changes in activity participation during the pandemic were associated participants' health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

Exploratory online survey study.

Eighty-seven respondents with ABI and 98 healthy adults (HA) participated in this study. Engagement in activity participation during COVID-19 was calculated as a percentage of the activities participants performed before the pandemic.

Participants with ABI modified their activities less than HA in order to maintain level of engagement in activity participation. They stopped performing more activities during the pandemic compared to HA and compared to their pre-pandemic engagement. Both groups continued to do similar percentage of activities without modifications compared to before the pandemic. Better HRQoL in both groups was predicted by a larger percentage of activities continued and fewer activities stopped.

Results emphasize the importance of addressing activity participation changes during situations where there are disruptions of the individual's habits and routines in order to minimize negative consequences of such changes.
Results emphasize the importance of addressing activity participation changes during situations where there are disruptions of the individual's habits and routines in order to minimize negative consequences of such changes.
The aim of this study is to explore teachers' experience and understanding of classroom communication after participating in a speech-language pathologist (SLP) led in-service training on classroom communication.

This qualitative study used a focus group approach to explore how teachers describe their classroom communication. Twenty primary-school teachers participated. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the teachers' responses about their classroom communication practices 6 months after in-service training.

Three core themes on teachers' understanding of their communication in the classroom were identified in the analysis (1) awareness of voice use; (2) the use of body communication; (3) setting the stage for learning. The teachers gave many examples of voice use reflecting an increased awareness of audibility and vocal health. They reported on moving around more and using more body communication to enhance their message. Further, they expressed an increased awareness about how body posture affects hen provided practical training and strategies to increase their awareness on communication. We conclude that this type of SLP-led training can be recommended as in-service training.
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is one of the commonest neurologic diseases. Along with sensory and motor symptoms, cognitive impairment and psychiatric features can be seen with RLS. The present study, was planned to look for evidence of cognitive impairment by evaluating facial emotion recognition (FER) in patients with RLS.

In this study, 80 patients with RLS and 50 healthy controls (HCs) were included. Demographic data were recorded. All patients with RLS and HCs were tested with Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), Beck depression inventory (BDI) and with Ekman's test for recognition of facial emotions.

Sixty-three of the patients with RLS and 37 of the HCs were female. The mean age of the patients was 45.41 ± 8.24, and the mean age of HCs was 43.12 ± 10.35. The patients and HCs were similar regarding sex, age, educational status, and marital status. Patients with RLS had FER difficulties comparing HCs. There was a negative correlation between Ekman's test scores and BDI (
= -0.311,
 < 0.001) and BAI scores (
= -0.379,
 < 0.001).

FER is an invaluable research topic regarding cognitive function in RLS, which may help us develop different perspectives in terms of revealing the pathophysiology and is very important for the well-being of the patients' social interactions.
FER is an invaluable research topic regarding cognitive function in RLS, which may help us develop different perspectives in terms of revealing the pathophysiology and is very important for the well-being of the patients' social interactions.Despite awareness of the importance of quantifying technical, tactical, and physical characteristics of match play, few studies have examined the structural relationship of these aspects in professional sport. Accordingly, this study concurrently examined these components in relation to quarter outcome (n = 272) in Australian Football. The study followed a retrospective longitudinal case study design where one teams' cooperative passing network, skill counts, physical loads, and spatiotemporal behaviours during official Australian Football League games were collected from a period spanning four seasons (2016-2019). A principal components analysis (PCA) and structural equation modelling were used to explore the structural relationships between components and examine the influence on quarter outcome as determined by the point differential (quarter margin). Scoring opportunity and ball movement had direct associations with quarter margin, while unpredictability, uncontested behaviour and physical behaviour did nith high levels of mutual interaction between teammates may be beneficial for performance.
This study aimed to 1) determine if post-concussion sleep quality of children and adolescents differed from healthy sleep estimates; 2) describe the trajectory of parameters of sleep quality; 3) determine factors that predict sleep quality outcomes; and 4) compare sleep parameter outcomes between asymptomatic and symptomatic participants at 4weeks post-concussion.

Nightly actigraphy estimates of sleep in 79 children and adolescents were measured throughout 4weeks post-concussion. Total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), wake after sleep onset (WASO), number of arousals (NOA), and average arousal length (AAL) were measured.

Child and adolescent participants experienced significantly poorer SE and longer WASO duration throughout 4weeks of recovery and adolescents experienced significantly longer TST. SE significantly improved with time post-injury (p=.047). Older age was associated with longer TST (p=.003) and female sex was associated with longer WASO (p=.025) and AAL duration (p=.044). Week 4 sleep parameter outcomes were not significantly different between asymptomatic and symptomatic participants.

The sleep quality of youth is adversely affected by concussion, particularly in females. Sleep quality appears to improve with time but may require more than 4weeks to return to normal.
The sleep quality of youth is adversely affected by concussion, particularly in females. Sleep quality appears to improve with time but may require more than 4 weeks to return to normal.Cognitive deficits are the most common impairments after traumatic brain injury (TBI). It can be linked with poor physical function. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) increases blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain. This review aimed to summarize and evaluate the available literature on the influences of HBOT on cognitive deficits in patients with TBI. PubMed, SCOPUS, PEDro, REHABDATA, MIDLINE, CHINAL, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched from inception until June 2021. The methodological quality was measured using the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale. Ten studies met the eligibility criteria. selleck Six studies were randomized controlled trials, and four were pilot studies. The scores on the PEDro scale ranged from two to nine, with a median score of seven. The included studies showed heterogeneity results for the beneficial effects of HBOT on improving cognitive functions in patients with TBI. The evidence for the beneficial effects of HBOT on cognitive functions post-TBI was limited. Further randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes are strongly needed to understand the effects of HBOT on cognitive functions in patients with TBI.Natural bioactive compounds (BCs) are types of chemicals found in plants and certain foods that promote good health, however they are sensitive to processing and environmental conditions. Microencapsulation by spray drying is a widely used and cost-effective approach to create a coating layer to surround and protect BCs and control their release, enabling the production of high functional products/ingredients with extended shelf life. In this process, wall materials determine protection efficiency, and physical properties, bioavailability, and storage stability of microencapsulated products. Therefore, an understanding of physicochemical properties of wall materials is essential for the successful and effective spray-dried microencapsulation process. Typically, polysaccharide-based wall materials are generated from more sustainable sources and have a wider range of physicochemical properties and applications compared to their protein-based counterparts. In this review, we highlight the essential physicochemical properties of polysaccharide-based wall materials for spray-dried microencapsulation of BCs including solubility, thermal stability, and emulsifying properties, rheological and film forming properties. We provide further insight into possibilities for the chemical structure modification of native wall materials and their controlled release behaviors. Finally, we summarize the most recent studies involving polysaccharide biopolymers as wall materials and/or emulsifiers in spray-dried microencapsulation of BCs.Probiotics and their fermentation products are increasingly been focused on due to their health-boosting effects. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) synthetized by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely applied as texture modifiers in dairy, meat and bakery products owning to their improved properties. Moreover, LAB-derived EPS have been confirmed to possess diverse physiological bioactivities including antioxidant, anti-biofilm, antiviral, immune-regulatory or antitumor. However, the low production and high acquisition cost hinder their development. Even though LAB-derived EPS have been extensively studied for their production-improving, there are only few reports on the systematic elucidation and summary of the relationship among biosynthesis pathway, strain selection, production parameter, structure-function relationship. Therefore, a detailed summary on biosynthesis pathway, production parameter and structure-function relationship of LAB-derived EPS is provided in this review, the structural modifications together with the current and potential applications are also discussed in this paper.
Regulatory authorities recognize two human populations adults and children defined as <18years. For drug approval, they demand separate studies. But humans mature slowly during puberty. The 18
birthday is an administrative limit that does not correspond to a physiological change. Separate drug approval before/after the 18
birthday reflects the children-are-therapeutic-orphans concept that emerged after 1962. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has backed away from this concept for antiepileptic drugs, but sticks to it in other areas. In contrast, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) is continuously expanding its demand for 'pediatric' studies. Parents hesitate increasingly to let their children participate in questionable studies.

Neurologists challenge the children-are-therapeutic-orphans mantra. Young patients do not need separate proof of efficacy & safety, but appropriate dosing recommendations. Minors should be treated as human beings, instead of being abused in questionable studies.

Young patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases deserve studies with therapeutic intentions.
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