Notes

Calcaneal form variation within people, nonhuman primates, as well as earlier hominins.
Introduction Dengue virus is a global health threat, with approximately 390 million dengue infections annually. Efficient vaccines for dengue prevention are currently lacking. This review aims to summarize the current progress in dengue vaccine development.Area covered This article discusses recent dengue vaccine developments based on the published literature and ClinicalTrials.gov website up to December 2020.Expert opinion The first live-attenuated chimeric yellow-fever/tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV), Dengvaxia, has been licensed in several countries. PLX51107 mouse However, the low efficacy of this vaccine was observed in children and dengue-naïve individuals. It also increased the risk of severe dengue in people who had not been exposed to dengue. The heterologous prime-boost regimen of sequential immunization with DENVax and Dengvaxia covers four serotypes of immunogenicity, eliminating the effect of ADE. Moreover, a heterologous prime-boost regimen that combines inactivated vaccines with alum and live attenuated vaccines might increase the immunogenic response. The lack of an ideal animal model is an obstacle to the development of dengue vaccines, and the macaque model may be considered for similar immunologic responses in humans.
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by thrombotic events and/or pregnancy morbidity (≥3 recurrent early miscarriage or fetal death or a prematurity <34 weeks of gestation) with persistently positive antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). It is reported that aPLs damage the placental tissue by binding to β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) on the surface of trophoblast and endothelial cells. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is considered to be beneficial in the treatment of obstetrical APS and shown to restore the aPL-inhibited invasion and differentiation of trophoblast. However, not enough evidence exists regarding the effect of HCQ on endometrial angiogenesis. The aim of our study was to assess whether HCQ has an effect on aPL-inhibited endothelial angiogenesis.

In this research, to explore the effect of HCQ for angiogenesis, we investigated (1) Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) viability by CCK-8; (2) HUVECs migration by wound healing; (3) HUVEC angiogenesis by Matrigel assay
; (4) mRNA expression of
and
by real-time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR); (5) protein expression of VEGF, MMP-2 by western blot.

We found that HCQ treatment significantly restored the expression of aPL-inhibited
and
. HCQ restored aPL-inhibited HUVEC proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis
.

In conclusion, aPLs inhibit HUVECs angiogenesis, however, HCQ can restore the effect of aPL-inhibited HUVECs migration and angiogenesis
, demonstrating its beneficial therapeutic role in obstetrical APS.
In conclusion, aPLs inhibit HUVECs angiogenesis, however, HCQ can restore the effect of aPL-inhibited HUVECs migration and angiogenesis in vitro, demonstrating its beneficial therapeutic role in obstetrical APS.Vaginal progesterone reduces the preterm birth frequency among high-risk women with a cervical length ≤25 mm at midtrimester. However, the strategy may promote no substantial reduction in overall preterm birth rates, because such high-risk women are only approximately 2% of all pregnant women, which restrict the number of participants. Our purpose was to determine whether prophylactic vaginal progesterone administration can preserve cervical length and reduce preterm birth rates among women with mild cervical shortening.This multicenter, parallel-arm, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involved vaginal progesterone administration (200 mg daily from 16 to 33 weeks of gestation) among asymptomatic women with a singleton pregnancy and a sonographic cervical length of 25 to less then 30 mm between 16 and 23 weeks of gestation. The primary and secondary endpoints were cervical shortening rates at 34 weeks of gestation and preterm birth rates, respectively. The trial was registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN000013518) in Japan.Between April 2014 and March 2018, 119 women were randomly assigned to the progesterone group (n = 59) and the placebo group (n = 60). No significant differences in the frequency of women with a cervical length ≥20 mm at 34 weeks of gestation were observed between both groups. All preterm births occurred after 34 weeks of gestation, except for one patient in the placebo group. The progesterone group had a lower rate of preterm birth before 37 weeks than the placebo group (3.4% vs. 15.0%, respectively; p  less then  .05).Despite having no effect on preserving cervical length, prophylactic vaginal progesterone administration reduced preterm birth frequency among women with mild cervical shortening. Our results are suggesting that women with mild cervical shortening are at risk for late preterm birth and the need for expanding progesterone treatment indications to include not only high-risk but also low-risk populations.
Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with significant pragmatic language impairment and theory of mind deficits, but there are only a handful of studies have investigated the relationship between them in these conditions. This study aimed that investigate two different aspects of Theory of Mind (ToM) (ToM decoding and reasoning), pragmatic language impairment, and emotion regulation in patients with ADHD.

Seventy adolescents with ADHD were compared to matched 64 healthy controls. We administered Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Kiddie-SADS, Conners Parent Rating Scale, Children's Communication Checklist-2 (CCC-2), Faux Pas, Comprehension Test, and Reading Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) to all study participants.

The CCC-2 scores were found to be statistically significantly higher in the ADHD group than in healthy controls. ADHD group had lower performance in the Faces Test and RMET compared to healthy controls, which did nolescents with ADHD.Key pointsADHD is associated with significant impairment in pragmatic language use and social cognitive functions.ToM-Decoding (RMET) is impaired much more than ToM-Reasoning (Faux Pas) in ADHD.Pragmatic language skills and severity of ADHD may be significant predictors of social responsiveness.Emotion regulation problems may affect communication and pragmatic language use.
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