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The study of different chiral inorganic nanomaterials has been experiencing rapid growth during the past decade, with its primary focus on metals and semiconductors. Decursin concentration Ceramic materials can substantially expand the range of mechanical, optical, chemical, electrical, magnetic, and biological properties of chiral nanostructures, further stimulating theoretical, synthetic, and applied research in this area. An ever-expanding toolbox of nanoscale engineering and self-organization provides a chirality-based methodology for engineering of hierarchically organized ceramic materials. However, fundamental discoveries and technological translations of chiral nanoceramics have received substantially smaller attention than counterparts from metals and semiconductors. Findings in this research area are scattered over a variety of sources and subfields. Here, the diversity of chemistries, geometries, and properties found in chiral ceramic nanostructures are summarized. They represent a compelling materials platform for realization of chirality transfer through multiple scales that can result in new forms of ceramic materials. Multiscale chiral geometries and the structural versatility of nanoceramics are complemented by their high chiroptical activity, enantioselectivity, catalytic activity, and biocompatibility. Future development in this field is likely to encompass chiral synthesis, biomedical applications, and optical/electronic devices. The implementation of computationally designed chiral nanoceramics for biomimetic catalysts and quantum information devices may also be expected.Objectives Clinical guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis (OA) recommend exercise and education. This study aimed to evaluate the extent to which accredited exercise physiologists (AEPs) deliver exercise and education for knee OA and how it aligns with clinical practice guidelines. Design Cross-sectional survey. Method An online survey targeted to AEPs across Australia to understand the exercise and education content of their interventions for knee OA. Likert scale and multiple-choice questions were used to measure responses relating to exercise prescription. Thematic analysis was used to evaluate the nature of education being delivered by AEPs. The revised neurophysiology of pain questionnaire (r-NPQ) was used to quantify pain neuroscience knowledge. Results A total of 161 AEPs completed the survey (63 men, 98 women; mean experience 5.8 ± 4.7 years). Exercises commonly prescribed included strength (99% of respondents), weight bearing (90%) and aerobic (83%), with 98% of AEPs prescribing exercise for the affected and unaffected limb. Only 32% of respondents frequently considered prescribing 'exercise into pain'. The four main education themes were exercise (86%), self-management (61%), weight loss (56%) and pain management (51%). Specific pain neuroscience education (PNE) was provided by only 21% of respondents. Conclusions Exercise prescription mostly aligned with evidence-based recommendations. The education component of AEP interventions for knee OA focused on the benefits of exercise. However, other education guideline recommendations about the disease, appropriate treatments and self-management were underutilised. The PNE knowledge of AEPs was comparable with other secondary care providers, although only a minority of AEPs provide PNE.Background Previous epidemiological evidence on the sex-specific association of obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, as reflected by larger waist circumference (WC), with incident diabetic neuropathy (DN) remains limited. Methods We used data from a patient cohort with a median 10-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus at the time of recruitment. A composite outcome of four types of predefined DN (Neuro 1-4) was used as the outcome of interest. Because of sex differences in abdominal obesity, analyses were conducted separately for men and women. Results Among the 7442 participants (4551 men and 2891 women) recruited in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study, 3999 cases of incident DN were documented (1413 in men and 853 in women). Larger WCs were associated with a higher risk of DN among both men and women. Compared with the lowest quintile, the HR for the highest quintile was 1.30 (95% CI 1.13-1.49) among men (P-trend less then 0.001). For women, the HR for the lowest vs highest quintile was 1.25 (95% CI 1.04-1.51) (P-trend less then 0.001). A linear relationship between WC and DN was observed in men, and in women, the risk of DN increased as the WC quintile increased before it appeared to plateau. The relationship between BMI and incident DN was similar to the results observed for WC. Conclusion General and abdominal obesity were both associated with an increased risk of incident DN among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, regardless of sex. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Background Anxiety symptoms are common in adolescence and are often considered developmentally benign. Yet for some, anxiety presents with serious comorbid nonanxiety psychopathology. Early identification of such "malignant" anxiety presentations is a major challenge. We aimed to characterize anxiety symptoms suggestive of risk for depression and suicidal ideation (SI) in community youths. Methods Cross-sectional associations were evaluated in community youths (n = 7,054, mean age 15.8) who were assessed for anxiety, depression, and SI. We employed factor and latent class analyses to identify anxiety clusters and subtypes. Longitudinal risk of anxiety was evaluated in a subset of 330 youths with longitudinal data on depression and SI (with baseline mean age of 12.3 years and follow-up mean age of 16.98 years). Outcomes Almost all (92%) adolescents reported anxiety symptoms. Data-driven approaches revealed anxiety factors and subtypes that were differentially associated with depression and SI. Cross-sectional analyses revealed that panic and generalized anxiety symptoms show the most robust associations with depression and SI. Longitudinal, multivariate analyses revealed that panic symptoms during early adolescence, not generalized anxiety symptoms, predict depression and SI for later adolescent years, particularly in males. Interpretation Anxiety is common in youths, with certain symptom clusters/subtypes predicting risk for depression and SI. Panic symptoms in early adolescence, even below disorder threshold, predict high risk for late adolescent depression and SI.
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