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I conclude with a brief discussion connecting Horn's model to other conceptual frameworks in plant ecology and outlining possible future extensions.Group living is predicted to arise only when the fitness benefits outweigh the costs of sociality. Group-living species-including cooperatively breeding and family-living birds and mammals-occur most frequently in environments where climatic conditions fluctuate unpredictably from year to year. The fitness consequences of group living are thus expected to vary with changing environmental conditions, though few studies have examined this possibility. We examined whether living in large social groups improves adult survivorship in cooperatively breeding superb starlings (Lamprotornis superbus). We also tested the hypothesis that larger groups buffer against harsh conditions by increasing survivorship most under periods of low rainfall. We found that group size was positively correlated with adult survival but in a sex-specific manner female survival increased with group size across all environmental conditions, whereas male survival increased with group size only in wet years. Together with previous work in this system, our results suggest that larger groups confer survival benefits by reducing predation, rather than by improving access to food or buffering against physiological stress. Although group living does not appear to buffer against harsh conditions in adult starlings living in a fluctuating environment, living in larger groups does confer a survival advantage.The causes of the rapid diversification and extraordinary richness of flowering plants (angiosperms) relative to other plant clades is a long-standing mystery. Angiosperms are only one among 10 major land plant clades (phyla) but include ∼90% of land plant species. However, most studies that have tried to identify which traits might explain the remarkable diversification of angiosperms have focused only on richness patterns within angiosperms and tested only one or a few traits at a single hierarchical scale. Here, we assemble a database of 31 diverse traits among 678 families and analyze relationships between traits and diversification rates across all land plants at three hierarchical levels (phylum, order, and family) using phylogenetic multiple regression. We find that most variation (∼85%) in diversification rates among major clades (phyla) is explained by biotically mediated fertilization (e.g., insect pollination) and clade-level geographic range size. Different sets of traits explain diversification at different hierarchical levels, with geographic range size dominating among families. Surprisingly, we find that traits related to local-scale species interactions (i.e., biotic fertilization) are particularly important for explaining diversification patterns at the deepest timescales, whereas large-scale geographic factors (i.e., clade-level range size) are more important at shallower timescales. This dichotomy might apply broadly across organisms.Objective The objective of this study was to determine if homeless men with psychosis in central Melbourne have spent a greater proportion of the past 12 months in homeless settings as compared with the same group 15 years previously. Method A 12-month accommodation history was collected from all men with psychosis assessed by a homeless outreach mental health team over a 12-month period commencing 2018 and compared with data from 2006. Results Between 2006 and 2018, the percentage of time spent homeless in the previous 12 months rose from 50% to 80% (p = 0.0001). The mean time spent shelterless increased from 72 days to 149 days (p = 0.0001). Conclusions The amount of time spent homeless has increased in men with psychosis assessed in central Melbourne. This finding suggests that men with psychosis are becoming increasingly entrenched in homeless settings. Addressing this trend requires an increased emphasis on assertive outreach, greater access to acute inpatient and long-term rehabilitation units, and more low cost affordable housing, including housing first facilities.Objective To explore a developmental understanding of childhood gender dysphoria and to compare it to the prevailing paradigm, gender-affirming care. Conclusion Viewing gender dysphoria through a contemporary developmental frame generates a different understanding of the nature of the phenomenon and its treatment and raises ethical questions about our current gender-affirming approach.Objective To explore some of the emerging complexities in the management of childhood gender dysphoria. Conclusion The authors raise questions about the gender-affirmation approach and highlight concerns about informed consent and research ethics.Objective The objective of this study was to identify changes in patients referred to CLP at a typical inner urban teaching hospital over two decades in the context of increased hospital admissions. Method Multivariate analyses were conducted on data collected for all referrals to CLP at Royal Melbourne Hospital between 1998 and 2017. Analyses were conducted with reason for referral, current psychiatric contact, psychiatric diagnosis, discharge destination and follow up as dependent variables, and the year and annual hospital admissions as independent variables. Results Annual hospital admissions grew at a rate (4.6%), greater than the annual increase in beds (2.0%). Psychosis, suicide attempt, past psychiatric history and behaviour became more common reasons for referral, whilst depression and somatisation became less common. Transfers to and from mental health inpatient units increased. Conclusions An increasing proportion of patients seen by CLP have 'acute' problems. Patients with somatisation and depression are seen less frequently. These findings indicate that CLP services need to provide timely assessment and work closely with other elements of the local mental health service in order to optimise patient flow and ensure continuity of care. Local strategies may be required to ensure an adequate breadth of experience for trainees.Objective A significant number of men suffer from paternal postpartum depression (PPPD). This is detrimental to family and personal well-being. This study aims to report rates of PPPD in first-time fathers in New Zealand. It also aims to find predictors of PPPD. Methods Data from 116 men were analysed. Men completed questionnaires at 24 weeks gestation, 36 weeks gestation, post-birth and 6 months after the baby was born. The outcome of interest was scores on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale 6 months after the baby was born. Results Twelve percent of the participants met criteria for PPPD. Factors that predicted PPPD were earlier depression, family life satisfaction, expectations, birth interventions, pain management for their partner and pregnancy anxiety. Conclusions It is important that PPPD is recognised and treated. More research is needed on the mental health of fathers.Objective To remind the clinical and legal practitioner that anosognosia is a recognised facet of schizophrenia with implications for capacity assessment and for relating effectively with people who experience it. Conclusions The term anosognosia emphasises that, in schizophrenia, lack of capacity is the result of a neurological deficit. Under-appreciation of this may place that person at risk of a preventable harm.Objectives Assertive community treatment (ACT) teams are increasingly being adapted to suit the needs of consumers who have never experienced long-term institutional care yet struggle to retain community tenure and quality of life due to residual functional disabilities associated with severe mental illness. Support needs can be provided by the growing disability support sector but recovery-orientated rehabilitation services delivered by specialist rehabilitation clinicians are also required. The Mobile Intensive Rehabilitation Team (MIRT) within the Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service has adapted the ACT model to deliver assertive outreach that aims to work collaboratively with the person and their chosen supports to improve their function and their sense of self-efficacy in illness self-management. We described the characteristics of the consumers referred to MIRT over a 20-month time period, and reported on on their discharge location. Conclusion After two years with MIRT, half the participants were discharged out of case-management. Rapamycin mouse Being on clozapine was a barrier to discharge from case-management despite functional improvement. Psychiatric hospitalisations predicted longer duration working with MIRT.Insulin resistance is associated with oxidative stress leading to cardiovascular diseases. However, little research has been performed examining elderly individuals with or without insulin-resistance. We demonstrate that antioxidant defense systems alone is not able to abrogate insulin action in elderly individuals at high risk for atherosclerosis, whereas the combined oxidant-antioxidant markers (thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS), Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), and total antioxidant status (TAS)) might be more efficient and perhaps produce better clinical outcome. In fact, a decrease in oxidative stress and strong interaction between antioxidant defense can be seen only among insulin-resistant elderly individuals. This is, in our opinion, valuable information for clinicians, since insulin-resistance is considered strong cardiovascular risk factor.Cold exposure causes cutaneous vasoconstriction via a reflex increase in sympathetic activity and a local effect to augment adrenergic constriction. Local cooling also initiates cutaneous dilatation, which may function to restrain cold-induced constriction. However, the underlying mechanisms and physiological role of cold-induced dilatation have not been defined. Experiments were performed to assess the role of endothelial-derived mediators in this response. In isolated pressurized cutaneous mouse tail arteries, cooling (28°C) did not affect the magnitude of dilatation to acetylcholine in preconstricted arteries. However, inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) [NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME)] and prostacyclin (PGI2) (indomethacin) reduced acetylcholine-induced dilatation at 37°C but not at 28°C, suggesting that cooling increased NO/PGI2-independent dilatation. This NO/PGI2-independent dilatation was reduced by inhibition of endothelial SK (UCL1684) and IK (TRAM34) Ca2+-activated K+-channels (KCa), consistold causes cutaneous vasoconstriction to restrict heat loss. Although cold also initiates cutaneous dilatation, the mechanisms and role of this dilatation have not been clearly defined. This study demonstrates that cooling increases myoendothelial coupling between smooth muscle and endothelial cells in cutaneous arteries, which is associated with increased endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH)-type dilatation. Dysfunction in this process may contribute to excessive cold-induced constriction and tissue injury.Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening disease. A pro-inflammatory milieu drives maladaptive right ventricular (RV) remodelling and failure. There is an unmet need for RV-targeted pharmaco-therapies. We investigated the effect of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) inhibition on the pulmonary vasculature and RV remodelling using the novel P2X7R antagonist, PKT100. Methods C57BL/6 mice were administered intratracheal bleomycin or saline and treated with PKT100 (0.2 mg/kg/day) or DMSO-vehicle. RV was assessed by right heart catheterisation and echocardiography, 21 days post-treatment. Cytokines in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analysed by ELISA and flow cytometry. Lungs and hearts were analysed histologically for pulmonary vascular and RV remodelling. Focused-PCR using genes involved in RV remodelling was performed. Results Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was elevated in bleomycin-treated mice (30.2±1.1, n=7) compared to controls (23.5±1.0, n=10, p=0.008). PKT100 treatment did not alter RVSP (32.
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