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Bayesian Pseudoinverse Learners: From Anxiety for you to Deterministic Studying.
We applied a deep convolutional neural network model for automatic identification of ellipsoid zone (EZ) in spectral domain optical coherence tomography B-scans of retinitis pigmentosa (RP).

Midline B-scans having visible EZ from 220 patients with RP and 20 normal subjects were manually segmented for inner limiting membrane, inner nuclear layer, EZ, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch's membrane. A total of 2.87 million labeled image patches (33 × 33 pixels) extracted from 480 B-scans were used for training a convolutional neural network model implemented in MATLAB. B-scans from a separate group of 80 patients with RP were used for testing the model. A local connected area searching algorithm was developed to process the model output for reconstructing layer boundaries. Correlation and Bland-Altman analyses were conducted to compare EZ width measured by the model to those by manual segmentation.

The accuracy of the trained model to identify inner limiting membrane, inner nuclear layer, EZ, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch's membrane patches in the test dataset was 98%, 89%, 91%, 94%, and 96%, respectively. The EZ width measured by the model was highly correlated with that by two graders (r = 0.97;
< 0.0001). Bland-Altman analysis revealed a mean EZ width difference of 0.30 mm (coefficient of repeatability = 0.9 mm) between the model and the graders, comparable to the mean difference of 0.34mm (coefficient of repeatability = 0.8 mm) between two graders.

The results demonstrated the capability of a deep machine learning-based method for automatic identification of EZ in RP, suggesting that the method can be used to quantify structural deficits in RP for detecting disease progression and for evaluating treatment effect.

A deep machine learning model has the potential to replace humans for grading spectral domain optical coherence tomography images in RP.
A deep machine learning model has the potential to replace humans for grading spectral domain optical coherence tomography images in RP.SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in numerous cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide. In addition to fever and respiratory symptoms, digestive symptoms also are observed in some patients with COVID-19. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was reported to be the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this study was to comprehensively investigate the digestive symptoms that occur in COVID-19 patients, and the potential pathogenic route of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in digestive tract organs (from the oral cavity to the gastrointestinal tract). We investigated the digestive symptoms of 48 patients with COVID-19 and explored ACE2 expression in digestive tract and lung cancers, based on a series of bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data obtained from public databases. We found that 25% (12/48) of the patients with COVID-19 suffered from digestive symptoms, among which pharyngalgia (7/48) was the most common manifestation, followed by diarrhea (3/48), anorexia (3/48), and nausea (1/48). The bulk tissue RNA sequencing analysis indicated that digestive tract organs had higher ACE2 expression levels compared to the lung, and the expression of ACE2 in the lung increased with age. Single-cell RNA-Seq results showed that the ACE2-positive-cell ratio in digestive tract organs was significantly higher compared to the lung. ACE2 expression was higher in tumor cells compared to normal control (NC) tissues. While in gastric tissues, ACE2 expression gradually increased from chronic gastritis to metaplasia, to early cancer. Our data might provide a theoretical basis for screening the SARS-CoV-2 susceptible population and for the clinical classification of treatment of patients with COVID-19.We aimed to investigate the exact effect of IL-17 on regulating neural stem cells (NSCs) stemness and adult neurogenesis in ischemic cortex after stroke, how Astragaloside IV(As-IV) regulated IL-17 expression and the underlying mechanism. Photochemical brain ischemia model was established and IL-17 protein expression was observed at different time after stroke in WT mice. At 3 days after stroke, when IL-17 expression peaked, IL-17 knock out (KO) mice were used to observe cell proliferation and neurogenesis in ischemic cortex. Then, As-IV was administered intravenously to assess cell apoptosis, proliferation, neurogenesis, and cognitive deficits by immunochemistry staining, western blots, and animal behavior tests in WT mice. Furthermore, IL-17 KO mice and As-IV were used simultaneously to evaluate the mechanism of cell apoptosis and proliferation after stroke in vivo. Besides, in vitro, As-IV and recombinant mouse IL-17A was administered, respectively, into NSCs culture, and then their diameters, viable cell proliferation and pathway relevant protein was assessed. The results showed knocking out IL-17 contributed to regulating PI3K/Akt pathway, promoting NSCs proliferation, and neurogenesis after ischemic stroke. LY2606368 ic50 Moreover, As-IV treatment helped inhibit neural apoptosis, promote the neurogenesis and eventually relieve mice anxiety after stroke. Unsurprisingly, IL-17 protein expression could be downregulated by As-IV in vivo and in vitro and they exerted antagonistic effect on neurogenesis by regulating Akt/GSK-3β pathway, with significant regulation for apoptosis. In conclusion, IL-17 exerts negative effect on promoting NSCs proliferation, neurogenesis and cognitive deficits after ischemic stroke, which could be reversed by As-IV.Neonatal maternal separation (NMS), as an early-life stress (ELS), is a risk factor to develop emotional disorders. However, the exact mechanisms remain to be defined. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms involved in developing emotional disorders caused by NMS. First, we confirmed that NMS provoked impulsive behavior, orienting and nonselective attention-deficit, abnormal grooming, and depressive-like behaviors in adolescence. Excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) is an excitatory amino acid transporter expressed specifically by neurons and is the route for the neuronal uptake of glutamate/aspartate/cysteine. Compared with that in the normal control group, EAAC1 expression was remarkably reduced in the ventral hippocampus and cerebral cortex in the NMS group. Additionally, EAAC1 expression was reduced in parvalbumin-positive hippocampal GABAergic neurons in the NMS group. We also found that EAAC1-knockout (EAAC1-/-) mice exhibited impulsive-like, nonselective attention-deficit, and depressive-like behaviors compared with WT mice in adolescence, characteristics similar to those of the NMS behavior phenotype.
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