Notes

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Five studies reported on PQA-focused digital health interventions that prompted brief abstinence challenges. Of eight large-scale controlled trials, six demonstrated an increase in quit attempt and cessation outcomes among the PQA-focused intervention group.

Fostering PQAs through behavioral and pharmacological interventions offers a promising technique for cessation induction that warrants future research.
Fostering PQAs through behavioral and pharmacological interventions offers a promising technique for cessation induction that warrants future research.
Models of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) often emphasize negative reinforcement drinking (i.e., drinking to reduce negative affect) as a key etiological and maintenance factor. However, potential risk factors related to negative reinforcement drinking in PTSD-AUD are less understood. G Protein agonist Distress tolerance exhibits theoretical and empirical promise as one possible, malleable, risk factor. The current study used a trauma and alcohol cue reactivity paradigm to elucidate the role of perceived (i.e., self-reported) distress tolerance in trauma-related alcohol risk.

Participants were 185 university students (50.3% female) endorsing lifetime interpersonal trauma exposure and current weekly alcohol consumption. Subjective craving for alcohol was assessed in response to four combinations of audio narrative (personalized trauma vs. neutral) and beverage (alcohol vs. water) cues. Forward-fitting linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate study hypotheses.

Perceived distress tolerance significantly interacted with beverage cue in relation to craving (β = -.293,
= .011), such that individuals low, as compared with high, in perceived distress tolerance reported greater craving for alcohol in response to the alcohol, but not water, beverage cue. Although low perceived distress tolerance was associated with greater alcohol coping motives and alcohol use problems at baseline, there were no main effects of perceived distress tolerance in relation to craving, and perceived distress tolerance did not significantly interact with trauma cues to predict craving (
s > .05).

Among trauma-exposed young adult drinkers, low perceived distress tolerance may influence alternative processes of AUD risk, such as susceptibility to conditioned craving responses to alcohol.
Among trauma-exposed young adult drinkers, low perceived distress tolerance may influence alternative processes of AUD risk, such as susceptibility to conditioned craving responses to alcohol.
This article narrates a history of several important changes to the substance-related disorders chapter in the
(DSM-5), based on interviews with people involved in the pre-planning and the development of the revisions. These changes include collapsing substance abuse and substance dependence into a single substance use disorder, adding craving as a diagnostic criterion, and incorporating a behavioral addiction--gambling disorder--into the substance-related disorders chapter. Studies using Item Response Theory (IRT) supported the new substance use disorder diagnosis. The IRT analyses demonstrated that the abuse and dependence items can be ordered on a single latent dimension and that some of the presumably milder abuse items indexed a greater level of severity than the presumably more pathological dependence items. Those who opposed collapsing abuse and dependence emphasized the validity and clinical utility of the dependence syndrome on which much important treatment research was based. Both those who fa
We conclude by observing that, unlike what occurred in the broader DSM-5 process, despite differences of opinion the work group reached consensus. In part, this may be explained by some shared standards within the work group versus the disagreement about standards across the broader DSM-5 process.
To better quantify the impact of specific on- and off-premise drinking contexts on population-level alcohol-related problems, we evaluated context-specific risks relative to frequency of use of each context.

We surveyed 860 adult (21-100 years) past-year drinkers in the California East Bay, sampled in areas of high versus low median household income and off-premise alcohol outlet densities. We examined associations of context-specific drinking frequencies in seven on- and off-premise drinking locations with individual and area characteristics using negative binomial regression. Next, we used heteroscedastic ordered logistic regression to relate context-specific drinking frequencies and continued volumes to five drinking-related problems (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores, physiological problems, risky sex, social problems, and driving after drinking too much). To estimate population-level effects, we assessed drinking frequencies relative to mean past-year use of each drinking context.

Hi can help tailor interventions to reduce alcohol-related problems across different on- and off-premise contexts.
Simultaneous alcohol and nonmedical prescription drug use (NMPDU) increases acute risks (e.g., overdose) associated with each; understanding social, substance use, and mental health predictors of same-day use may suggest intervention targets.

At an urban emergency department, research assistants recruited youth ages 14-24 reporting past-6-month substance use (
= 599; 58.8% male). Participants self-administered validated measures of alcohol consumption, cannabis use severity (quantity and consequences), mental health symptoms, and social influences at baseline and at four biannual follow-ups. In addition, participants completed Timeline Followback calendars that assessed same-day use of alcohol and prescription drugs. We used negative binomial regression with person-level fixed effects to isolate within-person predictor effects on same-day use frequency.

Between 6.0% (baseline) and 8.6% (6-month follow-up) of youth reported same-day alcohol use and NMPDU across follow-ups. Within-person increases in alal health symptoms, and enhancing social support and reducing delinquent peer exposures, may reduce same-day use frequency.
Research indicates that college student-athletes report more alcohol use and negative drinking consequences than non-student-athletes. One drinking practice that has been linked to heavy alcohol use and related consequences is playing drinking games. In the present study, we investigated which segment of the student-athlete population is most at risk for frequent drinking game participation, elevated alcohol consumption while playing drinking games, and negative drinking game consequences. We examined sex and racial/ethnic differences in behaviors and consequences associated with drinking games in a national sample of White, Hispanic, Black, and Asian American/Pacific Islander (AAPI) student-athletes.

A total of 11,839 student-athletes (51.4% women) from 165 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) member institutions who endorsed lifetime participation in drinking games completed a confidential online survey.

Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that being a White (vs. Black or Hispanic) studenin developing targeted intervention approaches for student-athletes.
Student-athletes are heterogeneous with regard to drinking game behaviors and related consequences. Knowing who is at greatest risk for drinking game participation and related outcomes is an important first step in developing targeted intervention approaches for student-athletes.
Although emerging adult risky drinkers are generally unmotivated to change their drinking, use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) to minimize drinking risks is associated with decreased alcohol-related harms. However, research on social influences on PBS use and associations with drinking outcomes is limited and relevant to informing interventions for this priority population. This study investigated whether emerging adults' drinking-related behaviors were associated with social network encouragement, discouragement, or mixed messages about their drinking and with PBS use.

Risky drinkers ages 21-29 years (
= 356; 228 women; mean age = 23.6 years) were recruited from the community using digitally implemented respondent-driven sampling. A web-based survey assessed social network drinking feedback, PBS use, drinking practices and problems, and behavioral allocation of time and money to drinking.

Negative binomial generalized linear models indicated that friend and spouse/ partner discouragement of drinking was associated with greater PBS use, whereas mixed messages were associated with lower use (
s < .05). Greater PBS use was associated with fewer alcohol-related negative consequences and lower behavioral allocation to drinking (
s < .05); the latter association was most consistent for serious harm reduction PBS (e.g., use of a designated driver). Mixed drinking messages from all relationship types had direct negative associations with drinking outcomes, particularly time and money allocated to drinking.

Assessing social network features may guide interventions to increase PBS use and reduce drinking-related harms among emerging adult risky drinkers.
Assessing social network features may guide interventions to increase PBS use and reduce drinking-related harms among emerging adult risky drinkers.
College campuses closed in March 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic, disrupting the lives of students. The goal of the present study was to examine whether cannabis use changed from before campus departures prompted by COVID-19 to after campus departures and after the semester ended--and if living situation explained observed changes. We also examined changes in specific formulations of cannabis and self-reported reasons for perceived changes in use frequency.

A sample of 223 college student cannabis users (61% female) from three universities completed two online surveys (one in May 2020 assessing cannabis use pre-campus closure [pre-closure] and since campus closed [post-closure-1], and another in September 2020 assessing cannabis use since remote classes ended [post-closure-2]).

Any use of cannabis and use of each specific formulation (leaf, edibles, concentrates) declined from pre-closure to post-closure-1, whereas the frequency of use did not change. Any cannabis use declined for those who stayed living dependently or moved to dependent living. Leaf use declined for all groups, concentrate use declined only for those who moved from independent to dependent living, and edible use declined only for those who stayed living dependently or moved to dependent living. Cannabis use did not change between post-closure-1 and post-closure-2, regardless of living situation stability or transition.

Overall, among a sample of cannabis-using college students, the prevalence of any cannabis use, but not frequency of use, was reduced during the pandemic. Living with parents appears to be protective against frequent cannabis use.
Overall, among a sample of cannabis-using college students, the prevalence of any cannabis use, but not frequency of use, was reduced during the pandemic. Living with parents appears to be protective against frequent cannabis use.
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