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Part regarding chymase from my renin-angiotensin system inside keloids: inhibition regarding chymase could possibly be an effective beneficial way of treat keloids.
To report usage of full-digital-radiography (FDR) during root-canal-treatments (RCTs) in Saudi dental-practice and to explore factors and measures that obstacle/contribute to better implementation.

Following a pilot study, questions on demography, types of radiographic systems used during RCTs, advantages and disadvantages of FDR, reasons of not using it and measures that increase its implementation were included. The sample size was calculated considering the total number of general dentists (GDs) in Saudi Arabia and a 50-60% expected response rate. The questionnaire was emailed to 550 GDs and all endodontists in Saudi Arabia (185). A solo a reminder was emailed two months later. Data were analyzed by the Chi-square test at P=0.05.

Most participants (64.9%) used FDR for RCTs (P<0.001); with all endodontists (100%) and 52% of GDs (P<0.001). selleck chemical While all who were working in governmental-academia (100%) used FDR, 69.2% in private-academia did so (P<0.001); with no difference between private and gove suggested more attention to educational aspects.
Differences in the morphology of the root canal system might result in favorable or adverse treatment outcomes. The present study compared the thickness of the dentinal wall in the danger zone (furcation area) of the first and second mesiobuccal canals in the maxillary first and second molars using cone beam computed tomography.

In this cross-sectional study, 50 CBCT images of maxillary first and second molars were evaluated from one of the specialized radiology centers in Kerman, Iran. The images were prepared by a Planmeca Promax 3D Max machine (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland), with a field of view (FOV) of 8×8 cm and a resolution of 0.1 mm and analyzed with Romexis Viewer software version 3.1.1 (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland). In the 0.1-mm-thick axial cross-sections with a distance of 1 mm, the distances from the center of the MB1 and MB2 root canals to the furcation area were measured in three areas A) furcation area, B) 2 mm below the furcation area, and C) 4 mm below the furcation area (at a magnificatiConsidering the low thickness of the dentinal wall in the MB2 root canal compared with the MB1 root canal in the maxillary first and second molars, the anti-curvature techniques away from the furcation should be used to prepare this root canal to reduce the risk of strip perforation. On the other hand, it might indicate that highly tapered instruments and other aggressive instruments, such as Gates-Glidden drills, should be used with caution in these root canals.
The aim of this survey was to examine the practice/use of Irrigant Activation Techniques (IAT) among Endodontists and post-graduate dental students in India.

An invitation to participate in this survey was sent by electronic mail to 902 members of Indian Endodontic society. A total of 32 questions were finalized for the survey after validation by five endodontic experts. Survey contained 2 demographic questions, 7 knowledge based questions, 11 questions on attitude and 12 questions on practice of IAT. The reliability was checked by randomly asking 10 participants to fill the survey forms again after 15 days. The data was analyzed using chi-square test (P<0.05).

The overall response rate for the survey was 30.5%. The content validity ratio for the questionnaire was 0.972 & the reliability calculated using Kappa scores was 0.978. Most of the respondents (87.3%) use IAT, while 4.7% do not use IAT. Most commonly used IAT was Manual dynamic agitation (MDA) used by 28.7%, followed by Ultrasonics in 17.2%. Sonic & negative pressure (EndoVac) was used by less than 10% of respondents. Combination of IAT was used by 39%. In 23 (5 on knowledge, 9 on attitude & 9 on practice) out of the 32 questions in this survey, there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in the answers between the groups, with post-graduate dental students opting the correct choices. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the preferred choice of irrigant for IAT according to 48.6%, Chlorhexidine (CHX) is used by 4.2% & Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) by 2.4%. Combination of two irrigants is used by 28.7% and 6% use all the three irrigants.

Vast majority of the Endodontist in India use some form of IAT to improve the efficacy of irrigation. MDA is the most commonly used IAT.
Vast majority of the Endodontist in India use some form of IAT to improve the efficacy of irrigation. MDA is the most commonly used IAT.
To compare the anesthetic efficacy of 2% Lidocaine with 180,000 epinephrine and 0.5% Bupivacaine with 1200,000 epinephrine in one-visit root canal treatment in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis.

A total of 60 patients presenting with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with normal periapical tissues on periapical radiography of mandibular 1
and 2
molars, reporting moderate to severe pain as assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) for at least 24 hours were included in this study. All patients received local anesthesia via the inferior alveolar nerve block technique by the investigator. These patients were randomly allocated into two groups in which first group received 2% lidocaine with 180,000 epinephrine and the second group received 0.5% bupivacaine with 1200,000 epinephrine. Patients were instructed to rate the intensity of pain during root canal treatment which was then noted on visual analogue scale (VAS).

The average age of the patients was 34.15±9.49 years, in which 32 (53.3%) were male and 28 (46.7%) were female. The anesthetic efficacy was significantly high in bupivacaine as compared to lidocaine local anesthesia group (76.7% versus 40%; P=0.004).

The administration of bupivacaine anesthetic agent for inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) injections can be a better and appropriate pain management aid as compared to lidocaine during root canal treatment of patient with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis.
The administration of bupivacaine anesthetic agent for inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) injections can be a better and appropriate pain management aid as compared to lidocaine during root canal treatment of patient with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis.
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