Notes

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Each patient underwent successful injection into the interarytenoid space. Post-operatively, modified barium swallow demonstrated resolution of aspiration or penetration in all patients. No procedure-related complications were encountered.

Patients with CF are highly susceptible to pulmonary infections, and aggressive treatment of chronic aspiration is often necessary. Injection laryngoplasty may be effective in normalizing swallowing in these children. Future study will elucidate the duration of effect and if this technique improves long-term pulmonary outcomes in CF patients.
Patients with CF are highly susceptible to pulmonary infections, and aggressive treatment of chronic aspiration is often necessary. Injection laryngoplasty may be effective in normalizing swallowing in these children. Future study will elucidate the duration of effect and if this technique improves long-term pulmonary outcomes in CF patients.
The aim of this study was to identify changes in body growth patterns in prepubertal Japanese children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after adenotonsillectomy (AT) over a long postoperative period.

We retrospectively analyzed the hospital records of 69 children, aged 3-10 years with OSA, who were followed-up for a median period of 38 months (range, 24-92 months) after AT. Height and weight were measured during the preoperative period and 12, and 24 months postoperatively, data were converted to standard deviation scores (SDS) using current gender- and age-specific values for the growth parameters adopted by the National growth chart of Japan. Comparisons between the pre and postoperative SDS values for height and weight were performed. The numerical data were examined statistically.

The SDS for height and weight of Japanese OSA children significantly increased 24 months post AT and continued over the entire 24-month follow-up period. Height growth acceleration after AT ended earlier in children of 6.0 ± 1.5 years at the time of AT than in children of 4.7 ± 1.3 years who could not catch-up.

In prepubertal Japanese children with OSA, AT was effective for the growth of those children over a long postoperative period.
In prepubertal Japanese children with OSA, AT was effective for the growth of those children over a long postoperative period.
Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is used to improve risk stratification in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). So far, few studies have used this method to investigate the characteristics of subjects with CHF and Cheyne-Stokes breathing (CSB). The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate whether TDI assessment may predict the presence of CSB in patients with CHF.

A total of 41 consecutive patients with CHF enrolled in the Daunia Heart Failure Registry underwent echocardiography assessment and nocturnal polygraphy to evaluate the presence of sleep apnea and CSB. Conventional echocardiography and TDI parameters were calculated. We have also quantified by TDI a combined index (EAS index) of diastolic and systolic performance E'/(A' × S').

Subjects with evidence of CSB (N = 8) were characterized by lower values of A' (5·03 ± 2·64 vs. 7·88 ± 2·64 cm/s, P < 0·01). A' and EAS index values were related to Cheyne-Stokes episode rates (r = -0·49 and 0·52, P < 0·05 and <0·01 respectively), EAS index values also with the number of episodes of central apnea (r = 0·39, P < 0·05). A' values predicted the presence of CSB at poly-somnography examination with an OR 0·62 (95% CI 0·40-0·96, P < 0·05) even after correction for age and gender.

Tissue Doppler imaging values (A') are associated with the presence of sleep apnea at nocturnal polygraphy.
Tissue Doppler imaging values (A') are associated with the presence of sleep apnea at nocturnal polygraphy.Sarcopenia, the age-induced loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, results from the contributions of both fiber atrophy and loss of myofibers. We have previously characterized sarcopenia in FBN rats, documenting age-dependent declines in muscle mass and fiber number along with increased fiber atrophy and fibrosis in vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscles. Concomitant with these sarcopenic changes is an increased abundance of mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations and electron transport chain (ETC) abnormalities. In this study, we used immunohistological and histochemical approaches to define cell death pathways involved in sarcopenia. Activation of muscle cell death pathways was age-dependent with most apoptotic and necrotic muscle fibers exhibiting ETC abnormalities. Although activation of apoptosis was a prominent feature of electron transport abnormal muscle fibers, necrosis was predominant in atrophic and broken ETC-abnormal fibers. These data suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributor to the activation of cell death processes in aged muscle fibers. The link between ETC abnormalities, apoptosis, fiber atrophy, and necrosis supports the hypothesis that mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations are causal in myofiber loss. These studies suggest a progression of events beginning with the generation and accumulation of a mtDNA deletion mutation, the concomitant development of ETC abnormalities, a subsequent triggering of apoptotic and, ultimately, necrotic events resulting in muscle fiber atrophy, breakage, and fiber loss.Herein, we proposed a new electrochemical sensing strategy for T2DM-related SNP detection via DNA-mediated growth of AgNPs on a SWCNT-modified electrode. Coupled with RNase HII enzyme assisted amplification, this approach could realize T2DM-related SNP assay and be applied in crude extracts of carcinoma pancreatic β-cell lines.This Editorial highlights an ingenious study by Li and Freeman published in this issue of J. Neurochem. Accurately knowing the brain extracellular levels of the two main substrates, that is, glucose and lactate, while a well-controlled and graded-stimulus is applied, might be extremely useful to finely understand how these substrates are produced and used. To that end, the authors have designed a new approach that consists to record at the same time (100 ms resolution) extracellular glucose and lactate concentrations using electrochemical sensing microelectrodes equally distant from a microelectrode that registers the multicellular activity in response to light-dependent stimuli (contrast levels from 10% to 80%). While this approach does, however, not evaluate the metabolic coupling between astrocytes and neurons, it proposes a new design which combined with molecular strategies specifically toward the glial or neuronal compartments will certainly help to demonstrate new distinctive features of this interesting question.In this study we show the outstanding agreement between simulation and experimental data concerning the efficient stabilization effect by NaCl of Z conformation. We demonstrate by circular dichroism (CD) experiments that Na(+) not only is able to induce a B to Z form transition in a short (GC)3 alternated portion of a sequence having 17 basis, but also is the best stabilizer in comparison with other Z inducers used (spermine and NiCl2). This result was confirmed by free energy calculations.The MPTP mediated neurodegeneration in substantia nigra has been well studied, but not the status of frontal cortex. The novelty of the present study is to explore the sex difference of frontal cortex during MPTP intoxication and to investigate the role of estrogen and its receptors in presence of glial cells in a time chase experiment; to identify which pathway of NF-kappaB exist to proceed the neuroinflammation; to investigate the estrogen binding with its nuclear or cytosolic receptors and whether any direct relation exists between estrogen receptor (ER) -beta and NF-kappaB molecules p65 and RelB. The progression of neurodegeneration occurred with the association of glial cells and functional (via its nuclear and cytosolic receptors) estrogen level. Both the canonical and/or non canonical pathways of NF-kappaB exist in frontal cortex of both the sexes after MPTP treatment. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene The homodimeric or heterodimeric form of ER-beta binds with NF-kappaB molecules p65 and RelB differently, but the canonical or non canonical pathways of NF-kappaB molecules could not be stopped or may be promoted. The changes in the molecular and cellular pattern in frontal cortex of both sexes during MPTP intoxication depends on the estrogen function via its nuclear or cytosolic estrogen receptors.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of early caffeine therapy started within the first 48 h of life on neurodevelopmental outcome in very low birth weight (VLBW) newborns.

VLBW newborns received either caffeine therapy within first 48 h of life (Early group), after 3rd day of life (Late group) or no caffeine during first month of life as per clinical team. A cohort of these newborns (n = 160) who survived were evaluated using Bayley Scale of Infant Development III (BSID III) developmental testing between 18 and 22 months of corrected age.

VLBW newborns in the "Early group" had significantly better composite, cognitive, language and motor BSID III scores as compared to those in "Late group" and no caffeine group. Composite BSID III scores were unchanged in the presence or absence of chorioamnionitis for "Early group", while the BSID III scores were significantly lower in the presence of acute chorioamnionitis in "Late group" and no caffeine group.

Early caffeine therapy was associated with better BSID III scores in a cohort of VLBW newborns. Newborns with acute chorioamnionitis benefited from early caffeine therapy.
Early caffeine therapy was associated with better BSID III scores in a cohort of VLBW newborns. Newborns with acute chorioamnionitis benefited from early caffeine therapy.In this paper, we explore the emergence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as an object of political concern in and for countries of the global South. While epidemiologists and public health practitioners and scholars have long expressed concern with the changing global distribution of the burden of NCDs, it is only in more recent years that the aetiology, politics and consequences of these shifts have become an object of critical social scientific enquiry. These shifts mark the starting point for this special issue on 'The Politics of NCDs in the Global South' and act as the basis for new, critical interventions in how we understand NCDs. In this paper, we aim not only to introduce and contextualise the six contributions that form this special issue, but also to identify and explore three themes - problematisation, care and culture - that index the main areas of analytical and empirical concern that have motivated analyses of NCDs in the global South and are central to critical engagement with their political contours.Besides providing dietary fiber, wheat bran is a recognized source of protein and is considered a very valuable substitute for other protein-rich sources in the food and feed industry. Nonetheless, several factors affect protein bioavailability, including bran's layered structure. This study showed the influence on the release and protein modification of wheat bran of different bioprocessing methods involving the activation of endogenous enzymes of bran, the addition of an enzyme mixture having carbohydrase activity, and microbial fermentation. Bioprocessing in acidic conditions significantly enhanced the solubilization of protein from wheat bran, reaching the highest value in the treatment where the sole endogenous protease activity was activated. Bioprocessing through controlled fermentation allowed a more intense proteolysis and strongly impacted the in vitro digestibility of proteins. The combined use of starter cultures and cell-wall-degrading enzymes was characterized by the highest increase of phytase activity and total phenols.
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