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smithii is closely associated with P. skrjabini and Habronema spp. Findings of the present study enhance our understanding of the biology and taxonomy of P. smithii in wild elephant in Sri Lanka and will contribute to future phylogeographic studies.INTRODUCTION Members of the onchoproteocephalidean genus Phoreiobothrium Linton, 1889 infect carcharhinid and sphyrnid sharks. Although the Persian Gulf harbors a rich fauna of sharks, the taxonomic diversity of Phoreiobothrium in this region has been explored little. A new species of Phoreiobothrium is herein described from Carcharhinus sorrah (Müller et Henle) off southern Iran. METHODS Cestodes were isolated from the spiral intestine of Carcharhinus sorrah, fixed in 10% seawater-buffered formalin, and stored in 70% ethanol. For morphological examinations, worms were stained using acetic carmine; a subset was prepared for SEM. RESULTS Phoreiobothrium sorrahcola n. sp. is the first record of the genus from C. sorrah and most closely resembles Phoreiobothrium rozatii Alijanpour Darvishi et Haseli, 2019 recently described from the Gulf of Oman. However, it differs from P. rozatii in its possession of the rectangular, rather than triangular, bothridia, a longer cephalic peduncle (878-1300 vs 466-841), the longer axial prongs of lateral and medial hooks (B 56-80 vs 43-52; B' 66-98 vs 46-62), and a greater maximum width of worm at level of scolex (302-415 vs 215-298). find more CONCLUSIONS With the description of this new species, three species of Phoreiobothrium have been reported so far from the southern waters of Iran. Phoreiobothrium now includes 17 valid species infecting 16 shark species.The symbiotic Epichloë festucae var. lolii endophyte produces alkaloids which can provide its host grass, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L), with a selective advantage in both natural and agricultural managed ecosystems. This study focuses on understanding the alkaloid concentrations that occur in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass during the early establishment phase. In a glasshouse experiment fungal alkaloid concentrations (peramine, lolitrem B, ergovaline, and epoxy-janthitrems) were measured in perennial ryegrass seedlings infected with E. festucae var. lolii proprietary strains AR1, AR37, NEA2, and NZ common toxic for 69 days after sowing. The endophyte becomes metabolically active, starting alkaloid production, as early as 6 days after sowing. Alkaloid concentrations peaked in 8- to 10- day-old seedlings due to a seedling growth slowdown. This study provides data showing that the loss of insect protection in endophyte-infected seedlings is linked to a reduction in chemical defence after seed-stored, maternally synthesised alkaloids are diluted by seedling dry matter accumulation.Insects have evolved highly sensitive olfactory sensory systems to detect plant hosts and mates, with plant volatiles playing an important role in informing insect behavior. Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are thought to play a key role in this process, but in this respect, there is limited information on brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, one of the most destructive pests of rice. To expand our understanding of CSP function in N. lugens we explored expression profiles and binding characteristics of NlugCSP3. The ligands with higher binding affinity were also validated by molecular docking and behavioral assays. NlugCSP3 mRNA was expressed at relatively higher levels in antennae and abdomen of 3-day-old unmated macropterous males as well as in antennae of 3-day mated macropterous and brachypterous females. Fluorescence competitive binding assays revealed that 5 out of 25 candidate volatiles are strong binders (Ki  less then  10 μM). Behavioral assays revealed that nonadecane and 2-tridecanone, which have high binding affinities in fluorescence competition-binding assays, displayed strong attractiveness to N. lugens. Pursuing this further, molecular docking analysis identified key amino acid residues involved in binding volatile compounds. Overall, our data provide a base for further investigation of the potential physiological functions of CSP3 in Nilaparvata lugens, and extend the function of NlugCSP3 in chemoreception of N. lugens.Systemic grass-endophytes of the genus Epichloë symbiotically infect the above-ground plant parts of many grass species, where they produce alkaloids in a grass- and endophyte-specific manner that are toxic or deterrent to herbivores. An increasing number of studies show cascading negative effects of endophyte-derived alkaloids that extend to higher trophic levels, harming beneficial insects, including those that control aphid populations. Lacewings are one of the major biological aphid controls, and are especially resistant to insecticides and pollutants, but their susceptibility to endophyte infection in the food chain has never been studied. Our study found variability in aphid population growth depending on the endophyte-grass chemotype, where aphid population growth was lowest on chemotypes known for producing high amounts of loline alkaloids. We also showed that larval and pupal development and mortality of the Common Green Lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea) was, in a non-choice experiment, not affected by endophyte infection in the food chain. This is a first indication that lacewings might be resistant to endophyte-derived alkaloids and could be robust biocontrol agents when applied together with endophyte-infected grass, possibly replacing chemical pesticides.OBJECTIVES To uncover key genes and pathways regulated by SCL3, a GRAS transcription factor, in the context of gibberellin (GA) in the roots of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. RESULTS Gene expression profiles of ga1-3 mutant and ga1-3 and scl3 double mutant are considerably similar to each other, revealed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). More than 400 significantly Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) among the Arabidopsis thaliana roots of ga1-3 mutant, ga1-3 and scl3 double mutant and GA loss/SCL3 gain mutant were uncovered by comprehensive bioinformatics analyses. Protein synthesis pathway, including RPL proteins, RPS proteins, etc., and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, including TT4, F3H, TT5, CHIL, etc. were significantly increased when SCL3 expression was higher than normal by means of pathway enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction analysis, which is further supported by comparison analyses between wild type samples and SCL3 overexpressed roots. CONCLUSION Protein synthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis were regulated by SCL3 in the context of GA in Arabidopsis thaliana root system identified by comprehensive bioinformatic analyses.
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