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Ischemic tissues released microvesicles induce monocyte re-training while increasing tissue repair by the muscle factor-dependent mechanism.
echnology will have greater carbon emission reduction potential in the long term. In terms of production capacity structure, promoting the short process of all-scrap electric furnaces is the main measure of the steel industry in the carbon peak stage, and the proportion of electric furnace steel will increase to 15%-20% by the end of the "14th Five-Year Plan" period. Under the carbon neutrality target, hydrogen metallurgy is the only production process with ultra-low carbon emission potential. In the future, with the increase in the supply of green hydrogen produced by renewable energy or waste heat, hydrogen metallurgy will become a steel production process that is as important as the short process of electric furnaces based on scrap steel.As ammonia is the main component of PM2.5, long time series of ammonia emission characteristics are an important basis for studying the historical causes of PM2.5 pollution. In this study, the activity data of various anthropogenic ammonia emissions from 11 cities were collected in Zhejiang. The anthropogenic ammonia emissions inventory in Zhejiang was established using emission factors, and then a 1 km×1 km spatial grid distribution was carried out using ArcGIS software. The results showed that from 2008 to 2018, the ammonia emissions from anthropogenic sources in Zhejiang exhibited a downward trend, with an average annual decline rate of approximately 3.97%. The ammonia emissions were 108.52 kt in 2018, and the emission intensity was 1.03 t·km-2, in which there was 90.02 kt from agricultural sources and 18.50 kt from non-agricultural sources. The ammonia emissions of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Wenzhou were higher than those of the other cities, accounting for 14.72%, 11.86%, and 11.80% of the total ammonia emissions, respectively. The spatial distribution characteristics showed that ammonia emissions were mainly distributed in the northern part of Zhejiang, showing an emission trend of "high in the north and low in the south." Uncertainty analysis showed that the simulated average value of ammonia emissions was 108.37 kt, and the uncertainty range in the 95% confidence interval was -5.40%-5.60%.The airborne microorganism has attracted increasing attention, and household garbage carries various pathogenic bacteria that affect the surrounding environment and public health. In this study, the culturable bacteria in the air were collected by using a six-level Anderson sampler, and the temperature, relative humidity, PM2.5, and PM10 in the garbage stations and their surrounding environment were recorded. The relationships between environmental factors and culturable bacterial pollution in the air were also analyzed. The results showed that the culturable bacterial concentrations in five sampling sites (the garbage station of a villa and the area downwind, the garbage station of a campus, the roof of an office building, and the garbage station of a residential area) were (1254±92), (280±123), (172±47), (84±18), and (175±174) CFU·m-3, respectively. The concentrations of the culturable bacteria in the garbage station of the villa were significantly higher than those of other sampling sites, mainly because talth risks of the male and female staff in the three garbage houses were all higher than the corresponding reference values. This study revealed the influence of garbage stations on the bioaerosol in the surrounding environment and provided references for the evaluation of air quality in and around garbage stations.Volatile organic compound (VOCs) emissions from poultry and livestock facilities affect the surrounding environmental quality and human health. However, VOCs emissions from broiler houses have been less characterized, and studies of related dominant odorants, carcinogenic risk, and ozone formation potential are still lacking. To fill this research gap, VOCs pollutants emitted from a broiler house were investigated in this study. The VOCs emission characteristics of the broiler house during three different periods of broiler growth (early, middle, and later) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that 77 types of VOCs were detected, including 16 types of halogenated hydrocarbons, 21 types of alkanes, 5 types of olefins, 12 types of aromatic hydrocarbons, 15 types of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), and 8 types of sulfides. During the entire 42-day growth period, the concentrations of halogenated hydrocarbons, alkanes, olefin, aromatic hydrocarbons, and OVOCs sis for the monitoring of malodorous substances and formulation of emission reduction strategies in broiler production.Six sets of brake systems were tested using a brake dynamometer, and the brake wear particles (BWPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected during the braking process. In total, 39 elements, 12 water-soluble ions, 7 carbon components, and 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in BWPs were extracted and detected, and 74 VOCs in gas samples were analyzed. The average mass fractions of 12 inorganic elements (i.e., Sb, Mg, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ca, Si, Zr, K, Ba, Al, and Fe) with higher contents in PM2.5 and PM10 were 43.4% and 40.3%, respectively, and the average mass fraction of Fe was the highest, accounting for 16.6% and 13.1% of PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. The average mass fractions of the 12 water-soluble ions in PM2.5 and PM10 were 16.5% and 12.6%, respectively, and NO3-, SO42-, and Ca2+ were the ions with high contents. The average mass fraction of total carbon (TC) in PM2.5 and PM10 were 21.9% and 18.1%, respectively, and the average mass fraction of organic carbon (OC) was approximately five times that of elemental carbon (EC). There were six types of PAHs with a detection rate greater than 50%, among which naphthalene (Nap) was the most abundant. The average mass concentration of 74 VOCs was 316.04 μg·m-3, of which the aromatic hydrocarbon had the highest mass concentration. The compositions of BWPs and VOCs emitted by the six sets of brake systems were quite different, which was mainly determined by the brand and raw materials of the brake pads.Marine shipping emissions have important impacts on air quality and climate. This type of anthropogenic emission remains largely unclear due to complex vessel types and activities. A coastal site near the Ningbo-Zhoushan port along the East China Sea was selected for this study, representing one of the hotspot regions globally with the most intensive shipping activities, in combination with vessels for both domestic and international transportation. Long-term temporal variations in key gaseous and particulate pollutants were obtained at the site using in-situ measurements, and the vessel speed associated with each classified vessel type was obtained according to the automatic identification system (AIS). In combination of backward trajectories, we were able to identify the periods predominated by the surrounding vessel emissions (in warm seasons, dominated by vessels in full operation or idle mode) or influenced by continental outflow (in cold season). We found that emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and black carbon (BC) aerosol were highly correlated with high-speed vessels, whereas carbon monoxide (CO) was likely related to lower operation speed. The total particulate matter (PM) was not directly linked to vessel activities. The enhancement factor in operation mode compared to that in idle mode was approximately 1-4 for most pollutants. This direct ambient observation of the emissions from a range of mixed vessel types may provide a basis for evaluating the shipping emission inventory.Wuhai is a typical coking industrial base including three industrial parks within its jurisdiction. SR-4835 clinical trial The emission amount of air pollutants is considerable here, and O3 pollution has become serious in recent years. Clarifying the air pollutant emission characteristics and exploring the formation mechanism of O3 are the basis for objectively understanding the O3 pollution and formulating scientific prevention and control measures. This study established the high-resolution emission inventory of Wuhai in 2018 (HEI-WH18) based on the "coefficient method," evaluated the applicability and accuracy of HEI-WH18 using the WRF-Chem model, and explored the causes of O3 pollution in summer using WRF-Chem diagnosis module output. The HEI-WH18 showed that the total emissions amount of SO2, NOx, CO, PM10, PM2.5, VOCs, NH3, BC, and OC were 65943, 40934, 172867, 159771, 47469, 69191, 1407, 1491, and 1648 t·a-1, respectively. HEI-WH18 could capture the variation and magnitude of O3 and its precursors better than the MEIC, which was suitable for the O3 simulation and source analysis in summer. From the perspective of spatial distribution, Haibowan was a high-value area of O3 during the daytime, and the three industrial parks were low-value areas of O3 and high-value areas of NO2 during the daytime and nighttime. The spatial distribution characteristics of CO were consistent with the spontaneous combustion of coal and coal gangue sources. According to the diagnostic analysis of two O3 pollution processes, the O3 increase in the upper boundary layer was mainly related to the advection transport and chemical process, and it was caused by vertical mixing and the advection transport process in the lower boundary layer. The contribution of the chemical process in the lower boundary layer was complicated, and its positive contribution played a role in maintaining a high O3 concentration, whereas its negative contribution combined with advection transport resulted in the final dissipation of O3 pollution.The formation and changes of ozone (O3), a secondary pollutant in the atmosphere, are complex, and ozone forecasting has become one of the current problems in air pollution prevention and control. In this study, the relationships between the near-surface O3 concentration and meteorological elements (high- and low-level) in Foshan from 2014 to 2017 were analyzed, and the concentration forecasting equation was established, tested, and applied. The results showed that the near-surface O3 changed closely related to high- and low-level meteorological elements. Meteorological elements such as temperature and sunshine hours were significantly positively correlated with O3 concentration, whereas relative humidity, total (low) cloud cover, and wind speed were negatively correlated with O3. Heavy O3 pollution often occurred with meteorological conditions of low wind speed, sunny days and few clouds, low relative humidity, longer sunshine time, and higher temperature. The definitions of high-concentration O3 potential index (HOPI) and wind direction index (WDI) in the Foshan area could better characterize the meteorological conditions of O3 pollution. Considering 13 meteorological elements, such as HOPI and WDI at different heights, the O3 concentration forecasting equation in the Foshan area was established using multi-indicator stacking and multiple stepwise regression methods. Using the 2018 data, it was found that the correlation coefficient R between the simulated values and the measured values reached 0.82, and the forecast equation had a good fitting effect and predictability.
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