Notes

Micro RNAs as well as the biological time clock: the goal pertaining to illnesses of the decrease of circadian regulation.
In 2002, a transmembrane protein now known as FNDC5 was discovered and shown to be expressed in skeletal muscle, heart and brain. It was virtually ignored for 10 years, until a study in 2012 proposed that, in response to exercise, the ectodomain of skeletal muscle FNDC5 was cleaved,traveled to white adipose tissue and induced browning. The wasted energy of this browning raised the possibility that this myokine, named irisin, might mediate some beneficial effects of exercise. Since then, more than 1,000 papers have been published exploring the roles of irisin. A major interest has been on adipose tissue and metabolism, following up the major proposal from 2012. Many studies correlating plasma irisin levels with physiological conditions are questioned for use of flawed assays for irisin concentration. However, experiments altering irisin levels by injecting recombinant irisin or by gene knockout are more promising. Recent discoveries have suggested potential roles of irisin to bone remodeling and to brain, with effects potentially related to Alzheimer's disease. We also discuss some discrepancies between research groups and mechanisms that need to be determined. Some important questions raised in the initial discovery of irisin like the role of the mutant start codon of human FNDC5, the mechanism of ectodomain cleavage remain to be answered. Apart from these specific questions, a promising new tool has been developed - mice with a global or tissue-specific knockout of FNDC5. In this review, we critically examine the current knowledge and delineate potential solutions to resolve existing ambiguities.
Both innate and adaptive immune responses are reportedly increased in Behcet's disease (BD), a chronic-relapsing systemic vasculitis lying at the intersection between autoinflammation and autoimmunity. To further study pathophysiologic molecular mechanisms operating in BD we searched for transcriptome-wide changes in blood mononuclear cells from these patients.

We performed 3' mRNA next generation sequencing-based genome-wide transcriptional profiling followed by analysis of differential expression signatures, KEGG pathways, GO biological processes and transcription factor signatures.

Differential expression analysis clustered the transcriptomes of 13 patients and one healthy subject apart from those of 10 healthy age/gender-matched controls and one patient. Among the total of 17,591 expressed protein coding genes, 209 and 31 genes were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively, in BD versus controls by at least 2-fold. The most up-regulated genes comprised an abundance of CC- and CXC-chemokines. Remarkably, the 5 out of top 10 up-regulated biological processes involved leukocyte recruitment to peripheral tissues, especially for neutrophils. Moreover, NF-kB, TNF and IL-1 signaling pathways were prominently enhanced in BD, while transcription factor activity analysis suggested that the NF-kB p65/RELA subunit action underlies the observed differences in the BD transcriptome.

This RNA-sequencing analysis in PBMCs derived from patients with BD does not support a major pathogenetic role of adaptive immunity-driven mechanisms, but clearly points to the action of aberrant innate immune responses with a central role of up-regulated neutrophil chemotaxis.
This RNA-sequencing analysis in PBMCs derived from patients with BD does not support a major pathogenetic role of adaptive immunity-driven mechanisms, but clearly points to the action of aberrant innate immune responses with a central role of up-regulated neutrophil chemotaxis.Photosynthesis with highly photoreactive chlorophyll (Chl) provides energy for plant growth but with simultaneous risk of photooxidative damage and photoprotection costs. Although the leafless orchid Cymbidium macrorhizon mostly depends on mycorrhizal fungi for carbon, it accumulates Chl particularly during fruiting and may not be fully mycoheterotrophic. In fact, stable isotopic analysis suggested that the fruiting C. macrorhizon specimens obtain a significant proportion of its carbon demands through photosynthesis. However, actual photosynthetic characteristics of this leafless orchid are unknown. To reveal the functionality of photosynthetic electron transport in C. macrorhizon, we compared its photosynthetic properties with those of its relative mixotrophic orchid C. goeringii and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Compared with C. goeringii and A. thaliana, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII was substantially low in C. macrorhizon. Chl fluorescence induction kinetics revealed that the electron transport capacity of PSII was limited in C. macrorhizon. Chl fluorescence analysis at 77 K suggested partial energetic disconnection of the light-harvesting antenna from the PSII reaction center in C. macrorhizon. Despite its low PSII photochemical efficiency, C. macrorhizon showed photosynthetic electron-transport activity both in the field and under laboratory conditions. C. macrorhizon developed strong non-photochemical quenching in response to increased light intensity as did C. goeringii, suggesting the functionality of photoprotective systems in this orchid. Moreover, C. macrorhizon fruit developed stomata on the pericarp and showed net O2-evolving activity. Our data demonstrate that C. macrorhizon can perform photosynthetic electron transport in the pericarp, although its contribution to net carbon acquisition may be limited.A 63 year old woman with an established diagnosis of diffuse systemic sclerosis presented to rheumatology clinic with swelling of her fingers. On examination, her fingers were mildly swollen. There was no evidence of digital ulceration or Raynaud's phenomenon. this website Her serological profile included positivity for anti-nuclear antibody (15120) and anti-PM/SCL -70 antibodies on Western blot. Plain radiographs of the hands demonstrated resorption of at least 50% of the distal phalanges of nine out of ten digits with preservation of the terminal tufts (see image 1). Her parathyroid hormone, calcium and vitamin D were within normal limits. There was no history of exposure to polyvinyl chloride, she did not play the guitar and there was no relevant family history. There were no clinical features to suggest Hajdu-Cheney syndrome or pyknodysostosis. The radiographic appearances reflected band acro-osteolysis secondary to diffuse systemic sclerosis.
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