Notes

Diet program composition has a bearing on the particular metabolism benefits of short menstrual cycles associated with very low calorie intake.
398 MPa. SEM images showed a highly porous three-dimensional structure in the hydrogel with regulated pore size. The crosslinking indices were measured with ninhydrin assay. The composite hydrogels could maintain their shape well in buffer solution. The present work shows that natural polymer-based composite hydrogels with extremely high mechanical strength could be obtained by reinforcing with surface modified cellulose nanofibrils with unique beads-on-a-string morphology.A comprehensive study was conducted to elucidate physicochemical and structural properties of sago starches. Two sago starch granules were oval in shape with an average diameter of 34.41 μm and had C-type polymorph with a crystallinity of about 28.13%. The amylose and resistant starch (RS) contents of two sago starches were higher than those of corn and potato starches. The two sago starches had a large amount of A and B1 chains (DP 6-24) which could form double helix structures. FTIR exhibited that the structure of two sago starches had a lower degree of order. The peak viscosity and breakdown of sago starch 2 were lower than corn starch, and the setback was higher than potato starch. Additionally, sago starches had lower gelatinization enthalpy and higher regeneration tendency. According to rheological results, sago starches showed lower shear thinning degree and thixotropy compared to corn and potato starches. Sago starch 1 gels represented the highest hardness, adhesiveness, springiness and cohesiveness, which could be used as potential food stabilizer. This study revealed the characteristics of two sago starches compared with other starches. The results indicated that the amylose content and amylopectin structures had significant influence on the physicochemical properties of sago starch.As the most widely used pesticides, fipronils and neonicotinoids exhibit harmful effects to many species including crops mainly via the oxidative damages. However, the potential toxic mechanisms of these pesticides to plants remain unclear. In this work, glutathione S-transferase Phi8 was employed as the biomarker to assess the adverse oxidative effects of these two kinds of pesticides. The structural changes and binding characteristics of AtGSTF8 with the pesticides were investigated by multispectral techniques and the latest generation neonicotinoid dinotefuran exhibited the most evident effects on the structure of AtGSTF8. Then dinotefuran displayed weak binding ability to AtGSTF8 comparing with fipronil and clothianidin based on the bio-layer interferometry technique. Besides, the glutathione S-transferase activities of AtGSTF8 were decreased upon binding with these two kinds of pesticides but dinotefuran displayed minor effect on the enzyme activity. At last, dinotefuran and clothianidin were presumed to locate on the molecular surface of AtGSTF8, while fipronil was predicted to insert into the cavity of AtGSTF8 which was adjacent to the active G-site based on the molecular docking results. The molecular investigations on the toxic mechanisms would help to evaluate the harmful effects of these two kinds of prevalent pesticides to plants.Acylated chitosan sulfate (ChS1), a sulfated polysaccharide with high anticoagulant activity, was chemically synthesized and structurally characterized using FT-IR analysis. The beneficial structural properties and high availability of the sulfate group in ChS1 led to greater anticoagulant activity through both the intrinsic and common pathways with antithrombin III (AT III)-mediated inhibition, particularly involving coagulation factors FXa and FIIa. The analysis of the binding affinities using surface plasma resonance found that the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of ChS1 for FXa and FIIa in the presence of AT III was 67.4 nM and 112.6 nM, respectively, indicating the stronger interaction of the AT III/ChS1 complex with the ligands and the inhibition of activated FX and FII. The results of amidolytic assays further demonstrated the stronger inhibition of the proteolytic conversion of factor X by the intrinsic FXase complex and of FII by the prothrombinase complex. #link# Molecular docking analysis further validated the protein-ligand interactions of ChS1 with AT III and their binding affinity.This study was conducted to design and evaluate a wound dressing based on a polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber coated with gamma oryzanol (GO) and chitosan (CS) in mice model. All the dressings were prepared by electrospinning method, and their morphology and physical properties were investigated. The mice were divided into five groups and treated with I) PCL-sole (PCL), III) PCL-mupirocin (PCL-M), IV) PCL-GO, IV) PCL-CS, and V) PCL-CS-GO. Wound area, total bacterial count, histopathological parameters, and expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, MMP-9, EGF, and VEGF were assessed. The fibers were randomly distributed in PCL group, but loading CS and GO increased the complexity and placing on the dressings. PCLs loaded with GO and CS showed lower viscosity, surface tension, and fiber diameter and higher conductivity and water contact angle compared to unloaded PCLs (P less then 0.05). The treatment with PCLs loaded with mupirocin, CS, and GO significantly reduced wound area and total bacterial count (P less then 0.05). Loading PCLs with mupirocin, CS, and GO decreased the expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-9, but increased the expressions of IL-10 and VEGF compared to the unloaded PCL group (P less then 0.05). The most optimal responses to wound healing and physical parameters belonged to the PCL-CS-GO group.The crude polysaccharides (GFP) were isolated from the Maitake fruiting body (Grifola frondosa) and purified by DEAE Cellulose-52 ionic-exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography in that order. Five main fractions, GFP-1 to GFP-5 were obtained through the isolation and purification steps. Free sugars were isolated by G-25 gel filtration chromatography and identified glucose and (α,α)-trehalose by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). GC-MS and methylation analysis that linkages were mainly β-1,3 and β-1,6, β-1,4 and β-1,2 bonds in WIP. Seven main oligomer products were detected and their structures characterized by mass spectrum. Experimental results shown the similarity in structure between water soluble polysaccharides (WSP) and water insoluble polysaccharides (WIP), thus WSP can be the product of cell wall by breakdown.Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan polymer found in various parts of human body and is required for functions like lubrication, water homeostasis etc. Hyaluronic acid is mostly produced industrially by bacterial fermentation for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. This review discusses on the role of membrane proteins involved in synthesis and transport of bacterial HA, since HA is a transmembrane product. The different types of membrane proteins involved, their transcriptional control in wild type bacteria and the expression of those proteins in various recombinant hosts have been discussed. link2 The role of phospholipids and metal ions on membrane proteins activity, HA yield and size of HA have also been discussed. Today with an estimated market of US$ 8.3 billion and which is expected to grow to US$ 15.25 billion in 2026, it is essential to increase the efficiency of the industrial HA production process. So this review also proposes on how those membrane proteins and cellular mechanisms like the transcriptional control can be utilised to develop efficient industrial strains that enhance the yield and size of HA produced.The use of controlled drug delivery systems represents an alternative and promising strategy for the use of antimicrobials in the oral cavity. Microparticles, films and oral tablets based on alginate and gellan gum were developed also as a strategy to overcome the low aqueous solubility of morin. The systems were characterized in terms of morphological characteristics, mucoadhesion and in vitro drug release. Antibiofilm activity was analyzed for acidogenicity, microbial viability and the composition of the extracellular matrix of single-species biofilms. Scanning Electron Microscopy demonstrated that the microparticles were spherical, rough and compact. The film and the tablet presented smooth and continuous surface and in the inner of the tablet was porous. These systems were more mucoadhesive compared to the microparticles. The in vitro morin release profiles in artificial saliva demonstrated that the microparticles controlled the release better (39.6%), followed by the film (41.1%) and the tablet (91.4%) after 20 h of testing. The morin released from the systems reduced the acidogenicity, microbial viability, concentration of insoluble extracellular polysaccharides and dry weight of biofilms, when compared to the control group. The findings of this study showed that the morin has antibiofilm activity against cariogenic microorganisms.Amine groups can play significant roles in modified chitosans for adsorption of heavy metal ions. A novel chitosan modified adsorbent (GMCS) grafted with lots of amine groups was synthesized by using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker between chitosan and melamine. The structure and morphology of GMCS was characterized using FT-IR, 13C NMR, elemental analysis, XRD, TGA, SEM, BET and zeta potential analysis. The adsorption of GMCS and chitosan for different heavy metal ions was compared. The results indicated that GMCS had higher selectivity and uptake for adsorption of Pb2+ and Hg2+ than chitosan. Effects of some variables for uptakes of Pb2+ and Hg2+ on GMCS were studied. The kinetic and isothermal results showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. The adsorbent had highest adsorption capacity of 618.2 mg/g and 490.7 mg/g at pH 5 and 6 for Pb2+ and Hg2+, respectively. The adsorption was an endothermic and spontaneous chemical process. Five cycled experiments of adsorption-desorption showed that the adsorbent could be efficiently regenerated.Gelatine is a biocompatible and natural polymer with chemical properties similar to the extracellular matrix. However, it has poor mechanical properties and sensitive to enzymatic biodegradation that limits its application in 3D scaffold fabrication. link3 Cellulose nanofibrous (CNF) offers biocompatibility, high surface area and excellent mechanical properties with slow in-vivo degradation. To fine tune their properties, CNF, and gelatine (CNF-GEL) were blended to form biocomposite aerogels. Epichlorohydrin (EPH) was incorporated into CNF-GEL as a chemical crosslinker to investigate its effect on the physiochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of the biocomposite aerogels both in-vitro and in-vivo. Regardless of the composition of the prepared aerogels, they possessed porosity of >90% with the pore size of 7-135 μm, which was confirmed in the morphological analysis. The presence of EPH improved the chemical interaction between CNF and gelatine, hence enhanced the compressive strength compared to uncrosslinked samples. GSK923295 of crosslinked CNF-GEL 9010 offered the highest compressive strength of 61.35 kPa. The in-vitro and in-vivo studies showed adequate cytocompatibility, cell viability and cell attachment in the optimal crosslinked formulation with tuned enzymatic degradation. Antimicrobial property was also achieved in the optimal scaffold by incorporating curcumin as an antimicrobial agent.
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