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Furthermore, the sources populations of relative rate and proportions are exclusively those at the beginning of the observation period. Thus, we established a unified identification route about ratios, proportions, and rates, the basic indicators of categorical data in populations. These are applicable to both fixed and dynamic populations. The paper aims to clarify the connotation of the indexes and the feasible understanding route and provide some reference for the population researchers.This paper summaries the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies-of Environmental Exposure (ROBINS-E), a tool for evaluating risk of bias about non-randomized studies of exposures (NRSE), and introduces the application of ROBINS-E in a published NRSE. According to the characteristics of NRSE, evaluation fields and signaling questions were designed in ROBINS-E to provide essential information about risk of bias for NRSE included in systematic reviews and GRADE. ROBINS-E is the tool in assessment of risk of bias in observational studies and quasi-randomized studies. Although the tool has been used in practice to some extent, but it still needs further improvement. Attention should be paid to its update and progress.Objective To evaluate the application of real-time RT-PCR and semi-nested RT-PCR in the detection of norovirus in oysters and analyzing the genetic characteristics of the isolates. Methods Real-time fluorescent RT-PCR and semi-nested RT-PCR were used to detect norovirus GⅠ/GⅡ in fresh oysters collected from the markets in Beijing from November 2014 to October 2015. The detection rate of the parallel test was also analyzed. In addition, the reliability of semi-nested RT-PCR was evaluated by agreement rate and consistency test (Kappa value). The positive products of norovirus GⅠ/GⅡ capsid protein region gene by semi-nested RT-PCR were sequenced. Software BioEdit 7.0.9.0 was used for sequence alignment, and software Mega 6.0 was used to construct the evolutionary tree. Results In 72 samples, the detection rate of norovirus was 31.94% (23/72) by real-time RT-PCR, 38.89% (28/72) by semi-nested RT-PCR and 48.61% (35/72) by parallel test. The coincidence rate of the two methods was 73.61%, a moderate degree (Kappa value =0.43). A total of 13 norovirus strains were successfully sequenced, and 11 strains (7 GⅡ.17 strains, 2 GⅡ. 4 Sydney_ 2012 strains, 1 GⅡ. 1 strain and 1 GⅡ. 21 strain) were obtained from norovirus positive samples by two RT-PCR methods, two strains (1 GⅡ. 17 strain and 1 GⅡ. CDK inhibitor 3 strain) were obtained from real-time RT-PCR negative samples which were positive for norovirus by semi-nested RT-PCR. The similarity between these strains and reference strains from diarrhea patients, environmental sewage, and shellfish products were 84.4% - 100.0%. Conclusions The parallel test of norovirus in oysters by two RT-PCR methods can improve the detection rate and detect more genotypes. Norovirus strains in oysters were highly homologous with reference strains from diarrheal patients, environmental sewage, and shellfish products. Therefore, surveillance, prevention and control for norovirus should be carried out in people who have frequent contacts with oysters and related environments.Objective To investigate the influencing factors of HBV intrauterine transmission and their interaction effects by integrating logistic regression model and Chi-squared automatic interaction detector (CHAID) decision tree model. Methods A total of 689 pairs of HBsAg-positive mothers and their neonates in the obstetrics department of the Third People's Hospital of Taiyuan from 2007 to 2013 were enrolled, and the basic information of mothers and their neonates were obtained by questionnaire survey and medical record review, such as the general demographic characteristics, gestational week and delivery mode. HBV DNA and HBV serological markers of the mothers and newborns were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay respectively. The CHAID decision tree model and unconditional logistic regression analysis were used to explore the factors influencing HBV intrauterine transmission in neonates of HBsAg-positive mothers. Results Among the 689 neonates, the incidence of HBV iDNA ≥2×105 IU/ml, the rate of HBV intrauterine transmission increased to 33.33% in the newborns by vaginal delivery. Conclusions Maternal HBeAg positivity,maternal HBV DNA ≥2×105 IU/ml and vaginal delivery could be risk factors for HBV intrauterine transmission in newborns. Interaction effects were found between maternal HBeAg positivity and vaginal delivery, as well as vaginal delivery and high maternal HBV DNA load. Logistic regression model and the CHAID decision tree model can be used in conjunction to identify the high-risk populations and develop preventive strategies accurately.Objective To investigate the detection types and aggregation of high-risk population of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Jiangsu province and the related influencing factors to provide reference for the prevention and control of cardiovascular disease. Methods A total of 120 211 participants were included in the investigation. Information was collected by questionnaire based survey, physical examination and biochemical tests. χ2 test and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results The detection rate of CVD high risk was 25.03%. The detection rates were 19.01%, 4.85%, 3.18% and 5.31% for hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular history and WHO assessed risk ≥20% types, respectively. Male, rural, old age, low education level, low family income, drinking, waist circumference exceeding standard, overweight and obesity were risk factors of CVD (all P less then 0.01). The composition ratios of aggregation of 1, 2 and ≥3 high risk types of CVD were 74.01%, 22.91% and 3.08%, respectively. With the increase of aggregation types, the correlation strength increased with age, rural residents, education level and annual family income. Conclusion Targeted measures should be carried out according to different influencing factors for the prevention and control of CVD in Jiangsu province in order to achieve the maximum prevention and control effect with the minimum cost.Objective To estimate the incidence of HIV-1 infection in men who have sex with men (MSM) in key areas of China through HIV-1 limiting antigen avidity enzyme immunoassay (LAg-Avidity EIA), analyze the deviation from the actual results and identify influencing factors, and provided reference for improving the accuracy of estimation results. Methods Based on the principle of the cohort randomized study design, 20 cities were selected in China based on population size and the number of HIV-positive MSM. The sample size was estimated to be 700 according to the HIV-1 infection rate in MSM. MSM mobile phone app. was used to establish a detection appointment and questionnaire system, and the baseline cross-sectional survey was conducted from April to November 2019. LAg-Avidity EIA was used to identify the recent infected samples. The incidence of HIV-1 infection was calculated and then adjusted based on the estimation formula designed by WHO. The influencing factors were identified by analyzing the sample collectionle source and the quality of sample collection and detection to reduce the deviation in the estimation of HIV-1 infection incidence.Objective To examine the associations between metabolic syndrome (MS) and the risks for impaired activities of daily living (ADL) in the middle-aged and elderly population in China and provide basis for improving healthy life expectancy. Methods Prospective cohort study design was used in this study. Based the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2018 and the baseline data in 2011, the follow up for ADL outcomes was conducted in 2013, 2015 and 2018 respectively, and the participants recruited in 2013 and 2015 were new baseline populations. The participants with impaired ADL in three baseline populations were excluded. Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the effect of different components and number of MS components on the risk for ADL impairment in the middle-aged and elderly population in China. Results In 59 795 person-years of follow-up, a total of 1 011 cases of ADL impairments were recorded. The incidence density of ADL impairment was 16.91 per 1 000d risks increased as the number of MS components increased (P less then 0.001). Conclusions Our findings suggested that MS is a risk factor for ADL impairment in middle-aged and elderly population in China. Prevention and early intervention of obesity, hypertension, hyperlipemia, diabetes and metabolic syndrome could help to reduce or delay the incidence of ADL impairment.Objective To investigate the depression status of pregnant and perinatal women in early, medium-term, late pregnancy and postpartum period in China and the outcomes of depression in each period, analyze the influential factors of depression status. Methods By using the pregnant and perinatal women mental health cohort established by National Center for Women and Children's Health of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haidian District Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing, Women Health Center of Shanxi, Jilin Women and Children Health Hospital, Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care and Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Guangdong province, a follow up study was conducted at 7 time points during pregnancy and perinatal period in pregnant and perinatal women in Beijing, Shanxi, Jilin and Guangdong from August 1, 2015 to October 31, 2016. The self-filled questionnaire and Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) were used to obtain the general demographic in, P=0.026) increased the risk for depression. Conclusions In pregnant and perinatal women in China, the detection rate of depression in early pregnancy was highest compared with those in medium-term and late pregnancy. The detection rate of depression increased again in postpartum period. The depression status detected in the early pregnancy remained in the medium-term and late pregnancy and postpartum period. Exercise, BMI, educational level, living environment satisfaction and marital satisfaction can affect the incidence of depression in pregnant and perinatal women.Objective To examine risk factors of simple obesity and their interaction in preschool children in China. Methods A total of 63 292 preschool children aged 3-7 years selected by cluster random sampling in 9 cities of China, including Beijing, Harbin, Xi'an, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Fuzhou and Kunming, were investigated from June to November in 2016. Based on the BMI-for-age cut off points of overweight and obesity for Chinese children aged 2-18 years, a total of 1 522 obese children (1 006 boys and 516 girls) were screened. By population-based matched case-control design, a normal weight child was randomly selected to match with an obese child by sex, age (difference ≤6 months) and body height (difference ≤5 cm) from the survey area. Conditional logistic regression model was used to analyze association of risk factors with obesity and the interaction of risk factors. Results ① Univariate conditional logistic regression model showed that 17 risk factors of simple obesity had statistical significance (P less then 0.
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