Notes

Introduction to positron emission tomography within useful image resolution from the lung area with regard to diffuse respiratory conditions.
Its high specificity and sensitivity as well as the cost-saving properties make the new assay an interesting and powerful diagnostic tool for easy and rapid testing.
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. Interference with the polyamine biosynthesis pathway by inhibition of MYCN-activated ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a validated approach. The ODC inhibitor α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO, or Eflornithine) has been FDA-approved for the treatment of trypanosomiasis and hirsutism and has advanced to clinical cancer trials including NB as well as cancer-unrelated human diseases. One key challenge of DFMO is its rapid renal clearance and the need for high and frequent drug dosing during treatment.

We performed in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK), antitumorigenic, and molecular studies with DFMO/probenecid using NB patient-derived xenografts (PDX) in mice. We used LC-MS/MS, HPLC, and immunoblotting to analyze blood, brain tissue, and PDX tumor tissue samples collected from mice.

The organic anion transport 1/3 (OAT 1/3) inhibitor probenecid reduces the renal clearance of DFMO and significantly increases the antitumor activity of DFMO in PDX of NB (P < 0.02). Excised tumors revealed that DFMO/probenecid treatment decreases polyamines putrescine and spermidine, reduces MYCN protein levels and dephosphorylates retinoblastoma (Rb) protein (p-Rb
), suggesting DFMO/probenecid-induced cell cycle arrest.

Addition of probenecid as an adjuvant to DFMO therapy may be suitable to decrease overall dose and improve drug efficacy in vivo.
Addition of probenecid as an adjuvant to DFMO therapy may be suitable to decrease overall dose and improve drug efficacy in vivo.
In the context of the phase-down of amalgam, development of easily applicable, permanent restorative materials is of high clinical interest. Aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of a novel, tooth-colored, self-adhesive bulk-fill restorative (SABF, 3M Oral Care) and a conventional bulk-fill composite (Filtek One, 3M Oral Care; FOBF) for restoring class II cavities. The null-hypothesis tested was that both materials perform similar regarding clinical performance.

In this randomized split-mouth study, 30 patients received one SABF and one FOBF restoration each. Scotchbond Universal (3M Oral Care) was used as adhesive for FOBF (self-etch mode), while SABF was applied directly without adhesive. Restorations were evaluated by two blinded examiners at baseline, 6months and 12months employing FDI criteria. Non-parametric statistical analyses and χ
-tests (α = 0.05) were applied.

Thirty patients (60 restorations) were available for the 6- and 12-month recalls exhibiting 100% restoration survival. All restorations revealed clinically acceptable FDI scores at all time points and for all criteria. Only regarding esthetic properties, FOBF performed significantly better than SABF regarding surface lustre (A1) and color match and translucency (A3) at all time points and marginal staining (A2b) at 12months.

The null-hypothesis could not be rejected. Both materials performed similarly regarding clinical performance within the first year of clinical service. SABF exhibited slightly inferior, but clinically fully acceptable esthetic properties as compared to FOBF.

Within the limitations of this study, the self-adhesive bulk-fill restorative showed promising results and may be recommended for clinical use.
Within the limitations of this study, the self-adhesive bulk-fill restorative showed promising results and may be recommended for clinical use.
Isomaltulose is a low glycemic and insulinaemic carbohydrate available as a constituent in sports drink. However, it remains unclear whether postexercise rehydration achieved by isomaltulose drink ingestion alone differs as compared to other carbohydrates.

Thirteen young men performed intermittent exercise in the heat (35°C and relative humidity 40%) to induce a state of hypohydration as defined by a 2% loss in body mass. Thereafter, participants were rehydrated by ingesting drinks equal to the volume of body mass loss with either a mixture of 3.25% glucose and 3.25% fructose, 6.5% sucrose (SUC), or 6.5% isomaltulose (ISO) within the first 30 min of a 3-h recovery. The change in plasma volume (ΔPV) from pre-exercise baseline, blood glucose, and plasma insulin concentration were assessed every 30-min.

ΔPV was lower in ISO as compared to SUC until 90 min of the recovery (all P ≤ 0.038) with no difference thereafter (all P ≥ 0.391). The ΔPV were paralleled by concomitant changes in blood glucose levels thathis response. This trial was registered in 25th Sep 2019 at https//www.umin.ac.jp/ as UMIN000038099. (249/250).
We aimed to investigate whether the gut microbiota and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are associated with bone mass in healthy children aged 6-9years.

In this study, 236 healthy children including 145 boys and 91 girls were enrolled. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to characterize the composition of their gut microbiota. Total and 10 subtypes of SCFAs in the fecal samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the bone mineral density (BMD)and bone mineral content (BMC) for total body(TB) and total body less head (TBLH).Z score of TBLH BMD was calculated based on therecommended reference.

Four gut microbiota principal components (PCs) were identified by the compositional principal component analysis at the genus level. After adjustment of covariates and controlling for the false discovery rate, multiple linear regression analysis showed that PC3 score (positive loadings on genera Lachnoclostridium andBlautia) was significantly negatively associated with TBLH BMD/BMC/Z score, TB BMC and pelvic BMD (β -0.207 to-0.108, p 0.002-0.048), whereas fecal total and several subtypes of SCFAs were correlated positively with TBLH BMD/Z score and pelvic BMD (β 0.118-0.174, p 0.038-0.048). However, these associations disappeared after additional adjustment for body weight. Mediation analysis suggested that body weight significantly mediated 60.4% and 78.0% of the estimated association of PC3 score and SCFAs with TBLH BMD Z score, respectively.

The associations of gut microbiota composition and fecal SCFA concentrations with bone mass in children were largely mediated by body weight.
The associations of gut microbiota composition and fecal SCFA concentrations with bone mass in children were largely mediated by body weight.
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether application of the so-called safe incision when performing calcaneal sliding osteotomies reduces the risk of sural nerve injury.

Patients who underwent either medial or lateral sliding calcaneal osteotomies between 2010 and 2018 were analysed retrospectively. A thorough neurological examination was performed, and the location of the surgical wound and the type of wound closure were recorded. The European Foot and Ankle Surgery (EFAS) score and 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12) were also documented.

A total of 57 patients were included, of which 20 (35.1%) had a sural nerve injury. Five patients had a neurapraxia (8.8%), while 15 patients had a permanent injury (26.3%). GSK J1 chemical structure Respecting the "safe incision" decreased sural nerve injury (p = 0.02). The type of osteotomy and closure was not significant. No significant differences were found in the functional tests between the different techniques, or between patients who presented sural nerve injury and those who did not.

Sural nerve injury after calcaneal sliding osteotomies is higher than previously reported in the scientific literature, with an incidence of 35.1% (20/57 patients). Respecting the so-called safe zone (oblique incision that runs through the point that is > 1/3 of the distance from the tip of the lateral malleolus to the posteroinferior margin of the calcaneus) clearly decreases the incidence of sural nerve injury. Finally, the majority of patients remained asymptomatic despite the neurological injury.
 1/3 of the distance from the tip of the lateral malleolus to the posteroinferior margin of the calcaneus) clearly decreases the incidence of sural nerve injury. Finally, the majority of patients remained asymptomatic despite the neurological injury.
Three-dimensional (3-D) printed models are increasingly used to enhance understanding of complex anatomy in congenital heart disease.

To assess feasibility and accuracy of 3-D printed models obtained from cardiac CT scans in young children with complex congenital heart diseases.

We included children with conotruncal heart anomalies who were younger than 2years and had a cardiac CT scan in the course of their follow-up. We used cardiac CT scan datasets to generate 3-D models. To assess the models' accuracy, we compared four diameters for each child between the CT images and the printed models, including the largest diameters (D
) of ventricular septal defects and aortic annulus and their minimal diameters (D
).

We obtained images from 14 children with a mean age of 5.5months (range 1-24months) and a mean weight of 6.7kg (range 3.4-14.5kg). We generated 3-D models for all children. Mean measurement difference between CT images and 3-D models was 0.13mm for D
and 0.12mm for D
for ventricular septal defect diameters, and it was 0.16mm for D
and -0.13mm for D
for aortic annulus diameter, indicating a non-clinically significant difference.

Three-dimensional printed models could be feasibly generated from cardiac CT scans in a small pediatric population with complex congenital heart diseases. This technique is highly accurate and reliably reflects the same structural dimensions when compared to CT source images.
Three-dimensional printed models could be feasibly generated from cardiac CT scans in a small pediatric population with complex congenital heart diseases. This technique is highly accurate and reliably reflects the same structural dimensions when compared to CT source images.
The informative value of computed tomography angiography (CTA) depends on the contrast phase in the vessels which may differ depending on the level of local expertise.

We retrospectively measured vessel contrast density from CTA scans in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke to a comprehensive stroke center (CSC) or to one of eight primary stroke centers (PSC). CTAs were classified into arterial or venous phases as well as into 1 of 5 phases (early arterial, peak arterial, equilibrium, peak venous, and late venous).

Overall, n = 871 CTAs (CSC n = 431 (49.5%); PSC n = 440 (50.5%)) were included in the final analysis. A higher venous than arterial contrast density at the level of the circle of Willis was only rarely observed (overall n = 13 (1.5%); CSC n = 3/431 (0.7%); PCS n = 10/440 (2.3%); p = 0.09). CTAs acquired in the CSC showed more often an early arterial contrast phase (CSC n = 371 (86.1%); PSC n = 153 (34.8%), p < 0.01). Equilibrium contrast phase, i.e., a slightly stronger arterial is potential for further improvement of CTA acquisition protocols.
• Despite different technical equipment and examination protocols in the diagnostic workup of acute ischemic stroke, the total number of computed tomography angiography (CTA) with venous contrast was low (n = 13/871; 1.5%). • A higher venous than arterial contrast density at the level of the circle of Willis was not more frequent in CTAs from the centers with a high patient volume (comprehensive stroke center) compared to the hospital with lower patient volume (primary stroke centers). • Differences between the further differentiated contrast phases indicate that there is potential for further improvement of CTA acquisition protocols.
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