Notes

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All the respondents were of Saudi ethnicity. Mild to moderate visual impairment was found in 6%, severe visual impairment in 27%, and blindness was seen in 64% of registered cases. The causes of blindness in these registered cases from blind school were retinitis pigmentosa (26%), optic atrophy (16%), glaucoma (7%), head trauma (6%), nystagmus (6%), retinopathy of prematurity (6%), ocular albinism (4%), corneal opacities (4%), amblyopia (3%) and other causes (22%). Overall, retinal disorders (retinitis pigmentosa and retinopathy of prematurity) were the leading causes of disability followed by optic atrophy.

The findings of this study are useful in planning and implementing screening programs in this area for early identification and corrections, thus preventing permanent loss of sight.
The findings of this study are useful in planning and implementing screening programs in this area for early identification and corrections, thus preventing permanent loss of sight.
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a multisystemic disease caused by the mutation of
gene located on chromosome 17q11.2. The mutation determines the loss of function of the protein neurofibromin with consequent uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Patients are characterized by a wide range of dermatological, neurological, and ophthalmological symptoms.

The aim of the study was to evaluate, through pattern visual evoked potentials (p-VEPs) and frequency doubling technology (FDT) Matrix perimetry, the objective and psychophysical functionality of the optic pathways in a group of NF1 patient.

The study group consisted of 26 patients affected by NF1 and 17 healthy controls. Each patient underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, p-VEPs with the evaluation of amplitude and latency of the P100 wave, and FDT perimetry, with the evaluation of central sensitivity (CS), mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD) and glaucoma hemifield test (GHT).

NF1 patients showed a statistically significlterations are present, although, only at a subclinical level. None of the patients included in the study showed any manifest visual deficit nor had any concomitant pathology that might have affected the outcome of the study. In conclusion, electrophysiological exams and computer perimetry may take part, alongside a wider array of exams, in the differential diagnosis and later monitoring of NF1.
To present a systematic review of the current body of literature surrounding spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) and highlight priorities for future research.

Three major biomedical databases were searched with the following terms ((neuro ocular) OR ((brain) AND (eye))) AND ((spaceflight) OR (astronaut) OR (microgravity)) AND (ENGLISH[Language]). Once duplicates were removed, 283 papers were left. Articles were excluded if they were not written in English or conference abstracts only. We avoided including review papers which did not provide any new information; however, two reviews on the pathophysiology of SANS were included for completeness. No limitations on date of publication were used. All included entries were then summarized for their contribution to knowledge about SANS.

Four main themes among the publications emerged papers defining the clinical entity of SANS, its pathophysiology, technology used to study SANS, and publications on possible prevention of SANS. The key clinical resent a thorough overview of the literature surrounding SANS and several key areas important for future research are identified.
This is the first systematic review of SANS. Despite the limitations of studying a syndrome that can only occur in a small, discrete population, we present a thorough overview of the literature surrounding SANS and several key areas important for future research are identified.
Human immunodeficiency virus and anemia are the major public health problems in Sub-Sahara Africa. Untreated anemia is associated with rapid progression and poor prognosis of the disease in HIV. This study was aimed at determining the magnitude, severity and associated factors of anemia among HIV infected patients taking zidovudine and tenofovir-containing first-line HAART in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekele, Ethiopia.

A case-control study was conducted from February to August 2019 using both convenient and quota sampling methods. Anemia is defined as hemoglobin value below 13 g/dl for male and below 12 g/dl for female. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were assessed using a structured questionnaire, medical records, electronic weighing scale, adult height board, automated hematology analyzer (Sysmex XT-4000i), and Becton Dickinson's FACS caliber flow cytometer. Descriptive statistics, tables, graphs, Student's
-test and l logistic regression were used to analyze the data.

risks of anemia in both types of regimens.
We find that the prevalence of anemia was significantly higher among patients taking ZDV-containing regimen. But different risk factors for anemia had been identified among ZDV-containing regimen, showing that appropriate follow-up, nutritional supplementation, continuous evaluation of patients on cotrimoxazole intake can reduce the risks of anemia in both types of regimens.
Hemoglobinopathies are common disorders in Saudi Arabia and have an impact on the general health of the affected individuals. The current study aimed to find out the effects of the presence of α 3.7 kb rightward deletion or sickle-cell trait (SCT) on ventilatory and hemodynamic parameters of maximum exercise testing in young Saudi women.

In a cross-sectional study, 75 randomly selected female students from different colleges were tested for VO
using a COSMED system for maximum exercise testing. Blood parameters and globin genotyping were determined.

Hemoglobin genetic studies revealed 28 of the students had 3.7 α-globin deletion only (
α
/α
α
), five had SCT, and 42 had normal α-globin (α
α
/α
α
and no HbS) and were considered the control group. Subjects with
α
/α
α
showed significantly lower VO
and higher resting systolic blood pressure, while SCT carriers showed no difference in regard to ventilatory parameters, but had higher post-exercise systolic blood pressure than controls.

It is concluded that individuals with 3.7 α-globin deletion might have lower fitness capacity, as demonstrated by lower VO
, which might explain the general lower VO
in the young women of this population. Furthermore, increments in resting systolic and posteexercise systolic blood pressure in 3.7 α-globin deletion and SCT, respectively, might indicate a future risk of cardiovascular diseases and require attention and extensive studies.
It is concluded that individuals with 3.7 α-globin deletion might have lower fitness capacity, as demonstrated by lower VO2max, which might explain the general lower VO2max in the young women of this population. Furthermore, increments in resting systolic and posteexercise systolic blood pressure in 3.7 α-globin deletion and SCT, respectively, might indicate a future risk of cardiovascular diseases and require attention and extensive studies.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) constitutes 5-10% of all cases of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. However, data on the epidemiology and risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with newly diagnosed APL are lacking. This study determined the incidence rate of AKI during induction chemotherapy for patients with newly diagnosed APL and the risk factors for AKI.

We conducted a retrospective observational study of patients with newly diagnosed APL in the Shonan Kamakura General Hospital between April 2004 and April 2020. AZD7762 mouse Data of 27 patients with newly diagnosed APL were analyzed. The patients were classified as no AKI and AKI stages 1, 2 or 3.

The incidence rate of AKI during induction chemotherapy was 40% (11/27). Among patients who developed AKI, four patients experienced AKI stage 3, and two patients required renal replacement therapy. No significant differences were found in the white blood cell count and baseline renal function between the groups; however, D-dimer and C-reactive should be avoided in patients with newly diagnosed APL, and using alternative non-nephrotoxic drugs should be considered for patients at risk of AKI.
Blood is arranged into four groups based on their surface antigen (A, B, AB, and O). In addition to this classification based on the Rhesus factor, each blood group clustered into RH positive and RH negative. This study was done to identify the distribution of blood group and rhesus factors on the local blood bank.

To identify the frequency of ABO blood group and RH factors distribution on voluntary blood donator at Debre Tabor blood bank from May 2014 to May 2020.

A retrospective cross-sectional survey was conducted to identify the frequency of ABO and Rh factor distribution on voluntary blood donors at Debre Tabor town blood bank. The data was collected at Debre Tabor blood bank. A six-year data and a total of 19,901 bags collected blood samples were used for summarization of the data. The data was analysed by using SPSS version 21.

Blood group "O" was the dominated one with 39.6% followed by blood group "A", "B" and "AB" with 29.48%, 24.06%, and 6.7%, respectively. When we see the RH classifications, RH positive accounts the highest percentage 92.77% and the remaining 7.23% was Rh negatives.

In this survey, the majority of blood groups were found "O" followed by "A", "B", and "AB". Among the collected blood unities, 92.77% was RH positive. The leading blood donators were male.
In this survey, the majority of blood groups were found "O" followed by "A", "B", and "AB". Among the collected blood unities, 92.77% was RH positive. The leading blood donators were male.
Plasma-derived von Willebrand factor/factor VIII (pdVWF/FVIII; VONCENTO
, CSL Behring) is a high-concentration, low-volume, high-purity concentrate, which contains a high level of high-molecular-weight multimers and a VWF/FVIII ratio of ~2.41. The SWIFT ("Studies with von Willebrand factor/Factor VIII") program is evaluating pdVWF/FVIII in patients with von Willebrand disease (VWD). The long-term efficacy and safety profile of pdVWF/FVIII was investigated in this multicenter, open-label, extension study.

Pediatric, adolescent, and adult patients with VWD who required treatment of non-surgical bleeds (NSBs), treatment during surgical events or who were receiving prophylaxis and who had completed one of two previous clinical trials of pdVWF/FVIII were included. Efficacy and safety analyses were performed for on-demand (n=10), prophylaxis (n=8), or on-demand and prophylaxis (n=2) treatment in patients pre-treated with pdVWF/FVIII for ≥12 months.

Seven patients experienced a total of 402 NSBs in the on-demmporary comprehensive development program evaluating pdVWF/FVIII across all ages demonstrates long-term safety and efficacy for treatment and prevention of bleeds in patients with severe VWD, supporting the benefit-risk profile of pdVWF/FVIII.
The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of anemia and its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) at Dilla University referral Hospital, South Ethiopia.

An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to February 2019, among 373 pregnant women who attended antenatal care at Dilla University referral hospital. Socio-demographic factors, nutritional, medical and obstetric information of the study participants were collected using a structured questionnaire. Hemoglobin was measured using a hemacue machine, and fecal specimens were examined to detect intestinal parasites. Bivariate and multiple variable binary logistic regressions were used to identify predictors of anemia. A p-value less than 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance.

Overall prevalence of anemia was 28.7%, of which 19.6% had mild anemia. Decreased odds of anemia were found in women with good nutritional status (MUAC ≥24 cm) (AOR= 0.07 95% CI 0.03-0.1), iron supplementation (AOR=0.
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