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Oat Doubled Haploid Creation By way of Extensive Hybridization with Maize.
Furthermore, intravenous injection of PEGylated siRNA lipoplexes markedly decreased the accumulation of siRNA in the lungs, regardless of the type of PEG‑derivative. However, non‑PEGylated siRNA lipoplexes accumulated mainly in the lungs regardless of the siRNA lipoplex cationic lipid type. The results indicated that PEGylation of siRNA lipoplexes with PEG‑DSG, PEG‑Chol and PEG‑CS may improve systemic stability without losing transfection activity by PEGylation.In response to the SARS‑CoV‑2 outbreak, and the resulting COVID‑19 pandemic, a global competition to develop an anti‑COVID‑19 vaccine has ensued. The targeted time frame for initial vaccine deployment is late 2020. selleck inhibitor The present article examines whether short‑term, mid‑term, and long‑term vaccine safety can be achieved under such an accelerated schedule, given the myriad vaccine‑induced mechanisms that have demonstrated adverse effects based on previous clinical trials and laboratory research. It presents scientific evidence of potential pitfalls associated with eliminating critical phase II and III clinical trials, and concludes that there is no substitute currently available for long‑term human clinical trials to ensure long‑term human safety.The present study was designed to determine the effects of pineal gland‑derived melatonin on obesity by employing a rat pinealectomy (Pnx) model. After 10 weeks of a high‑fat diet, rats received sham or Pnx surgery followed by a normal chow diet for 10 weeks. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, western blotting analysis, immunohistochemistry and ELISA were used to determine the effects of Pnx. Pnx decreased the expression of melatonin receptor (MTNR)1A and MTNR1B, in brown adipose tissues (BAT) and white adipose tissues (WAT). Pnx rats showed increased insulin sensitivity compared with those that received sham surgery. Leptin levels were significantly decreased in the serum of the Pnx group. In addition, Pnx stimulated thermogenic genes in BAT and attenuated lipogenic genes in both WAT and the liver. Histological analyses revealed a marked decrease in the size of lipid droplets and increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 in BAT. In the liver of the Pnx group, the size and number of lipid droplets had also decreased. In conclusion, the results presented in the current study suggested that Pnx increases thermogenesis in BAT and decreases lipogenesis in WAT and the liver.Icariin (ICA) has been used as a promising anti‑aging drug; however, its underlying molecular mechanism is yet to be elucidated. The present study aimed to determine the anti‑aging molecular mechanisms of ICA. D‑galactose (D‑gal) was used to generate a cell aging model. IMR‑90 human lung fibroblasts were pretreated with different concentrations of ICA (1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 µmol/l) for 6 h and subsequently incubated with D‑gal (200 mmol/l) at 37˚C for 72 h. Senescence of IMR‑90 cells was assessed by senescence‑associated‑β‑galactosidase (SA‑β‑Gal) staining assay. Cell viability, and the expression levels of p53/p21, sirtuin (SIRT) 1/6 and p50/p65 were determined via the MTT assay and western blotting respectively. The results demonstrated that D‑gal notably increased the proportion of SA‑β‑Gal‑positive cells and decreased the viability of IMR‑90 cells; however, pretreatment with ICA reversed the effects of D‑gal on IMR‑90 cells in a concentration‑dependent manner. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that the activation of p53/p21 and nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) signaling, and downregulation of SIRT1/6 may be involved in IMR‑90 cells, in D‑gal‑induced aging and ICA may effectively prevent IMR‑90 cells from these changes induced by D‑gal. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that the anti‑aging molecular mechanisms of ICA may be associated with the regulation of the SIRT1/NF‑κB pathway.Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the potential to give rise to offspring cells and hypoxic injury can impair the function of NSCs. The present study investigated the effects of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‑derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) on NSC injury, as well as the underlying mechanisms. MSC‑EVs were isolated and identified via morphological and particle size analysis. Cobalt chloride was used to establish a hypoxic injury model in NSCs. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay was conducted to detect apoptosis. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR was performed to detect the expression levels of miR‑210‑3p, and western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of apoptosis‑inducing factor (AIF) and Bcl‑2 19 kDa interacting protein (BNIP3). Compared with the control group, NSC apoptosis, and the expression of miR‑210‑3p, AIF and BNIP3 were significantly higher in the cobalt chloride‑induced hypoxia group. By contrast, treatment with MSC‑EVs further increased miR‑210‑3p expression levels, but reduced NSC apoptosis and the expression levels of AIF and BNIP3 compared with the model group (P less then 0.05). In addition, miR‑210‑3p inhibitor reduced miR‑210‑3p expression, but promoted hypoxia‑induced apoptosis and the expression levels of AIF and BNIP3 compared with the model group (P less then 0.05). Collectively, the results suggested that MSC‑EVs prevented NSC hypoxia injury by promoting miR‑210‑3p expression, which might reduce AIF and BNIP3 expression levels and NSC apoptosis.Since the discovery of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 1985, several methods have been developed to achieve nucleic acid amplification, and are currently used in various fields including clinical diagnosis and life science research. Thus, a wealth of information has accumulated regarding nucleic acid‑related enzymes. In this review, some nucleic acid‑related enzymes were selected and the recent advances in their modification along with their application to nucleic acid amplification were described. The discussion also focused on optimization of the corresponding reaction conditions. Using newly developed enzymes under well‑optimized reaction conditions, the sensitivity, specificity, and fidelity of nucleic acid tests can be improved successfully.
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