Notes

Regulating functional teams about graphene massive spots guides frugal Carbon dioxide in order to CH4 conversion.
To analyze charges, complications, survival, and functional outcomes for definitive surgery of mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN).

Retrospective analysis of 76 patients who underwent segmental mandibulectomy with reconstruction from 2000 to 2009.

Complications occurred in 49 (65%) patients and were associated with preoperative drainage (odds ratio [OR] 4.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-19.27). The adjusted median charge was $343 000, and higher charges were associated with double flap reconstruction (OR 8.15, 95% CI 2.19-30.29) and smoking (OR 5.91, 95% CI 1.69-20.72). Improved swallow was associated with age <67 years (OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.16-12.17) and preoperative swallow (OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.23-9.51). Five-year ORN-recurrence-free survival was 93% while overall survival was 63% and associated with pulmonary disease (HR [hazard ratio] 3.57, 95% CI 1.43-8.94).

Although recurrence of ORN is rare, surgical complications are common and charges are high. Poorer outcomes and higher charges are associated with preoperative factors.
Although recurrence of ORN is rare, surgical complications are common and charges are high. Poorer outcomes and higher charges are associated with preoperative factors.The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unpredictable challenges globally. Older adults are among the population groups most vulnerable to COVID-19. Poor urban elders in Ethiopia struggle to meet their basic needs due to waning traditional familial norms of providing care for elders as a result of urbanisation, poverty and migration. The aim of this study was to give voice to vulnerable elders during the COVID-19 lockdown in Ethiopia and to reveal their sources of support. Using a qualitative case study design, data were collected from 27 elders aged 60 and above in Debre Markos Town, Ethiopia via in-depth interviews conducted from March-May 2020. To determine the nature of support provided for destitute elders, data were also gathered from two local officials. Narrative data were analysed using thematic analysis. Four prominent themes were identified 'Hunger would kill us instead of COVID-19,' 'Feeling hopeless and begging to die,' 'We prefer social support rather than food donations' and 'Gratitude.' Elders considered the practice of social distancing to fight COVID-19 as an unwelcome luxury for people whose livelihood depends on begging and petty trade. The physical distancing programme put elders in isolation, diminishing their capacity to maintain their livelihood. Due to the increasing disrespectful attitudes towards aged people, elders felt even less valued than usual. Interactions were described as undermining, embarrassing and abusive. A special emergency fund and organised social supports are needed to minimise the effect of the pandemic on vulnerable groups like destitute elders in Ethiopia. Moreover, an institutional welfare response is needed to ensure elders can live a dignified life.
Addiction plays a key role in continued tobacco use. The study assessed association of perceived personal addiction and the perceived addictiveness of different forms of tobacco with type of tobacco product used, demographic characteristics and socio-cultural factors.

A cross-sectional survey of 607 adult tobacco users with age 18 years and above attending a general medicine out-patient department was conducted. Participants were asked questions on perceived personal addiction to tobacco use and perception of addiction on tobacco products. Logistic regression was applied to investigate the association between demographic characteristics, type of tobacco, socio-cultural factors and addiction perceptions.

The odds of perceived addiction (PA) were lower among smokeless tobacco (SLT) users [OR (95% CI) 0.57 (0.37, 0.89) P=0.01]. An increase in the odds of PA was seen as age increased [OR (95% CI)1.02 (1.00, 1.03) P=0.01] and participants with secondary education and above had higher odds of PA compared to participants with no formal education [OR (95% CI) 1.68 (1.09, 2.58) P=0.02]. The odds of perceiving SLT products to be addictive was lower among SLT users [OR (95% CI) 0.48 (0.30, 0.75) P=0.002)] compared to combustible tobacco users. The odds of perceiving SLT products to be addictive was lower [(OR (95% CI) 0.35 (0.18, 0.67) P=0.002)] among females. Participants with secondary education and above had higher odds of perceiving combustible [OR (95% CI) 1.80 (1.17, 2.77) P=0.008)] and SLT products [OR (95% CI) 1.98 (1.20, 3.30) P=0.008)] to be addictive compared to no schooling.

There is a need to raise awareness in India of the addictiveness of tobacco, particularly for users of SLT, younger people and those with less education.
There is a need to raise awareness in India of the addictiveness of tobacco, particularly for users of SLT, younger people and those with less education.The synthesis of 2-C-glycals and 2-C-ribals was achieved in good yields using a nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling between 2-iodoglycals and 2-iodoribal respectively and Grignard reagents. The prepared 2-C-glycals and ribals were then transformed into 2-C-2-deoxyglycosides, 2-C-diglycosides and 2'-C-2'-deoxynucleosides. The developed method was applied to the synthesis of a 2-chloroadenine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside - a structural analogue of cladribine (Mavenclad®, Leustatin®) and clofarabine (Clolar®, Evoltra®), two compounds used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and hairy cell leukemia.Manipulation of the propagation and energy-transport characteristics of subwavelength infrared (IR) light fields is critical for the application of nanophotonic devices in photocatalysis, biosensing, and thermal management. In this context, metamaterials are useful composite materials, although traditional metal-based structures are constrained by their weak mid-IR response, while their associated capabilities for optical propagation and focusing are limited by the size of attainable artificial optical structures and the poor performance of the available active means of control. Herein, a tunable planar focusing device operating in the mid-IR region is reported by exploiting highly oriented in-plane hyperbolic phonon polaritons in α-MoO3 . G Protein peptide Specifically, an unprecedented change of effective focal length of polariton waves from 0.7 to 7.4 μm is demonstrated by the following three different means of control the dimension of the device, the employed light frequency, and engineering of phonon-plasmon hybridization. The high confinement characteristics of phonon polaritons in α-MoO3 permit the focal length and focal spot size to be reduced to 1/15 and 1/33 of the incident wavelength, respectively. In particular, the anisotropic phonon polaritons supported in α-MoO3 are combined with tunable surface-plasmon polaritons in graphene to realize in situ and dynamical control of the focusing performance, thus paving the way for phonon-polariton-based planar nanophotonic applications.Membrane proteins are of biological and pharmaceutical significance. However, their structural study is extremely challenging mainly due to the fact that only a small number of chemical tools are suitable for stabilizing membrane proteins in solution. Detergents are widely used in membrane protein study, but conventional detergents are generally poor at stabilizing challenging membrane proteins such as G protein-coupled receptors and protein complexes. In the current study, we prepared tandem triazine-based maltosides (TZMs) with two amphiphilic triazine units connected by different diamine linkers, hydrazine (TZM-Hs) and 1,2-ethylenediamine (TZM-Es). These TZMs were consistently superior to a gold standard detergent (DDM) in terms of stabilizing a few membrane proteins. In addition, the TZM-Es containing a long linker showed more general protein stabilization efficacy with multiple membrane proteins than the TZM-Hs containing a short linker. This result indicates that introduction of the flexible1,2-ethylenediamine linker between two rigid triazine rings enables the TZM-Es to fold into favourable conformations in order to promote membrane protein stability. The novel concept of detergent foldability introduced in the current study has potential in rational detergent design and membrane protein applications.Ultrathin membranes are at the forefront of membrane research, offering great opportunities in revolutionizing separations with ultrafast transport. Driven by advanced nanomaterials and manufacturing technology, tremendous progresses are made over the last 15 years in the fabrications and applications of sub-50 nm membranes. Here, an overview of state-of-the-art ultrathin membranes is first introduced, followed by a summary of the fabrication techniques with an emphasis on how to realize such extremely low thickness. Then, different types of ultrathin membranes, categorized based on their structures, that is, network, laminar, or framework structures, are discussed with a focus on the interplays among structure, fabrication methods, and separation performances. Recent research and development trends are highlighted. Meanwhile, the performances and applications of current ultrathin membranes for representative separations (gas separation and liquid separation) are thoroughly analyzed and compared. Last, the challenges in material design, structure construction, and coordination are given, in order to fully realize the potential of ultrathin membranes and facilitate the translation from scientific achievements to industrial productions.
Alkaloids and glycosides are the active ingredients of the herb Dendrobium nobile, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine. The pharmacological effects of alkaloids include neuroprotective effects and regulatory effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, while glycosides improve the immune system. The pharmacological activities of the above chemical components are significantly different. In practice, the stems of 3-year-old D. nobile are usually used as the main source of Dendrobii Caulis. However, it has not been reported whether this harvesting time is appropriate.

The aim of this study was to compare the chemical characteristics of D. nobile in different growth years (1-3years).

In this study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) was employed to analyze the constituents of D. nobile. The relative abundance of each constituent was analyzed with multivariate statistical analyses to screen the characteristic constituents that contributed to the characterization and classification of D. nobile. Dendrobine, a component of D. nobile that is used for quality control according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, was assayed by gas chromatography.

As a result, 34 characteristic constituents (VIP > 2) were identified or tentatively identified as alkaloids and glycosides based on MS/MS data. Moreover, the content of alkaloids decreased over time, whereas the content of glycosides showed the opposite trend. The absolute quantification of dendrobine was consistent with the metabolomics results.

Our findings provide valuable information to optimize the harvest period and a reference for the clinical application of D. nobile.
Our findings provide valuable information to optimize the harvest period and a reference for the clinical application of D. nobile.
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