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This analysis showed that the most common mutations were IVS1+5G>C, (678; 77.6%), followed by the CD 30 (136; 15.6%). The least frequent mutation was FS8/9, (1, 0.001%), followed by IVS1+1G>T and CD15 (2; 0.2%). The frequency of β-thalassemia varies significantly among the 20 different atolls in Maldives. This study is expected to improve genetic counseling, creating awareness, enhance premarital screening, and customize the prevention and treatment strategies based on the needs of each atoll. BAY117821 V.Harpalus pensylvanicus (Coloptera Carabidae) is a weed seed predator common throughout the United States. While Carabidae is a very large group of beetles, limited genomic resources exist, especially mitochondrial genomes. This study expands research in this area by assembling and annotating the complete mitochondrial genome of H. pensylvanicus and performs phylogenetic analyses with closely related species. Further use of the metagenomic data was made to characterize microbial taxa and clusters of orthologous groups of proteins. The complete mitochondrial genome is 16,434 bp in length, AT rich, and consist of 13 protein coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and a control region. Phylogenetic analyses were congruent with the Harpalinae and Pterostichinae clade together. Microbial classification shows a predominance of Gamma- (37.77%) and Alpha-proteobacteria (33.97%). Heat stress has a negative impact on dairy cow productivity. In order to reveal the mechanisms of heat-stress response, the mRNA and miRNA expression profiles of five cows under chronic heat-stress and thermoneutral conditions were assayed in blood by high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 540 mRNAs and 9 miRNAs were expressed differently under heat-stress and thermoneutral conditions. Functional analyses revealed that MAPK signaling pathway, cellular senescence, circadian entrainment, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, and pathways in cancer were enriched for differently expressed mRNAs; meanwhile cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, thermogenesis, and protein digestion and absorption were enriched for differently expressed miRNAs. In addition, GADD45G, TGFB2, and GNG11 may play roles in the heat stress, and bta-miR-423-5p might be one of the regulators of heat-stress response in cows as potential mediators of chronic heat-stress response. In conclusion, the present study described the mRNA and miRNA expression patterns in blood extracted from cows during the transition from heat-stress to thermoneutral conditions. The results provide new data that could help in identifying mechanisms that mediate cows' response to chronic heat stress. V.The Integrator complex (INT) contains several subunits that participate in RNAPII transcription and the 3' end process of non-coding RNAs. INTS11 is the catalytic subunit that interacts with the C-terminal domain of RNAPII, recently found to play a role in embryo development in different experimental models. However, the involvement of INTS11 is still ignorant in crustaceans, particularly in post-diapause embryonic development of Artemia sinica. In the present research, the full-length cDNA of As-Ints11 gene (1964 bp) was cloned from A. sinica by the RACE technique. The deduced 597 amino acids sequence contains the most identifiable domains of the INTs and is highly conserved. Immunofluorescence assay showed that the INTS11 was present at diverse developmental status in A. sinica the As-INTS11 can be found in both cytoplasm and nucleus of the embryos, and the location showed no specificity in tissue or organ of the nauplius. The expression patterns of As-Ints11 were analyzed by qPCR and Western blotting, which show similar trends that peaked at the 15 h stage of embryo development. Moreover, the expressions of interacting proteins As-INTS9 and As-RNAPII were also detected, results display a synergetic effect with the As-INTS11 at both mRNA and protein levels. We also explored the amount of As-INTS11, As-INTS9 and As-RNAPII under different stresses, and the results indicate that the As-INTS11 is a stress-related protein though the mechanism needs further research. Knocking down of the As-INTS11 resulted in a delay of post-diapaused embryonic development in A. sinica. OBJECTIVES The molocular mechanism underlying human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) differentiation remains to be further elucidated. DLX2 has been confirmed to accelerate osteogenic differentiation which is one member of Distal-less family genes. However, how DLX2 regulates in osteogenic differentiation is still unclear. METHODS The hBMSCs were isolated and identified by the antigen CD29, CD4, CD90 through flow cytometry. DLX2 expression level, molecules related signaling pathways and transcriptional markers in osteogenesis were examined by western blot and real time-PCR. Osteogenic state was weighed by the ALP Detection Kit and Alizarin red S staining. The combination between DLX2 and WNT1 was detected by Chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay. RESULTS The results showed that in the process of osteoblast differentiation, DLX2 was up-regulated accompanied with osteogenic transcriptional factor. DLX2 elevated cellular alkaline phosphatase activity, accelerated BMSC mineralization along with up-regulation of osteogenic-related gene expression. Besides, DLX2 is a transcription factor of WNT1, which activated the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway resulting in osteogenic differentiation. Whereas, the inhibitor of β-Catenin FH535 restrained enhanced osteogenic capability induced by DLX2. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that by up-regulation of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling, DLX2 accelerated human osteogenic differentiation. V.DnaJ is an important molecular chaperone, with significant roles in growth, development, and stress resistance. Studies on the DnaJ gene family in macro-fungi such as Cordyceps spp. s.l is scare. In this study, 22, 20, and 24 putative DnaJ genes were identified in Tolypocladium guangdongense, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, and C. militaris, respectively. They were classified into four groups based on the presence of the J, zinc finger, and C-terminal domains. We mainly studied the T. guangdongense DnaJ genes being located in the endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, and nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed gene duplications during the evolutionary process. Multiple cis-elements and transcription factor binding sites were observed in the promoter, suggesting their involvement in the response to multiple stresses. qRT-PCR analysis showed that 63.63% and 45.45% of T. guangdongense DnaJ genes were differentially expressed under cold and heat stress, respectively, indicating their involvement in the response to temperature stress. Many T. guangdongense DnaJ genes in the primordium and fruiting body exhibited differential expression, in comparison to those in the mycelium, suggesting a regulatory role in its growth and development process. These findings will facilitate further functional analysis, and provide information on the classification and conservative functions of DnaJ proteins in macro-fungi. V.This study was performed to assess the association of CCR5Δ32 and SDF1-3'A polymorphisms with immunological recovery failure and to investigate the influence of sociodemographic and clinical data on immune reconstitution in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Two hundred and forty-eight HIV-positive patients under ART with undetectable plasma viral load ( less then 40 copies/mL) were enrolled in this study and classified into two groups according to their CD4+ T-cell count changes immunological responders (CD4+ T-cell count gain ≥ 200/µL or ≥ 30% compared with baseline) and immunological non-responders (CD4+ T-cell count gain less then 200/µL or less then 30% compared with baseline). DNA extraction was performed followed by CCR5Δ32 and SDF1-3'A genotyping. Sociodemographic and clinical data were evaluated from medical records. The logistic regression model showed that heterozygosity for CCR5Δ32 allele and lower pre-treatment CD4+ T-cell count ( less then 500 cells/µL) were statistically associated with immunological recovery failure (OR = 5.873, 95%CI = 1.204-28.633, P = 0.028 and OR = 10.00, 95%CI = 3.224-31.016, P = 0.028, respectively). No association of SDF1-3'A polymorphism with immune reconstitution failure was found. Additionally, we observed that there was a statistically significant difference between lower CD4+ T-cell count and INR status than the IR group (Z = 4.687, P less then 0.001). Our results demonstrated, through a logistic regression model, that CCR5Δ32 polymorphism and pre-treatment CD4+ T-cell count have significant influence on immune reconstitution of HIV-positive patients during ART. These findings highlight some immunological factors associated with poor CD4+ T-lymphocytes recovery, which affect immune response level of ART-treated HIV-positive patients. OBJECTIVES In the prospection of possible agents against neglected diseases, thiazole compounds are presented as promising candidates and are known to have activity against trypanosomatid parasites. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the effects of thiazole compounds on Leishmania infantum, etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis. METHODS Thiazole compounds, being 5 thiazoacetylpyridines (TAPs-01; 04; 05; 06; 09) and 5 thiazopyridines (TPs-01; 04; 05; 06; 09) were tested regarding its leishmanicidal activity on both promastigote and amastigote forms of L. infantum. Its cytotoxicity was tested using peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice. Ultrastructural analyzes were performed to identify possible intracellular targets of the most effective compound on promastigote forms. In order to observe routes that can clarify the possible mechanism of action of the compounds on the intracellular amastigote forms, the Nitrite dosage was performed. RESULTS All compounds inhibited the growth of promastigote and presented low cytotoxicity, being more selective to the parasite than to mammalian cells. All compounds tested were able to decrease macrophage infection. There was a significant decrease in the survival rate of the amastigote when compared to the untreated cells, with TAP-04 presenting the best index. TAP-04 compound induced ultrastructural changes that are relted to cell death by apoptosis. None of the macrophage groups infected with L. infantum and subsequently treated showed increased nitrite release. CONCLUSIONS The low toxicity to mammalian cells and the leishmanicidal activity observed demonstrate that the synthesis of drugs based in thiosemicarbazone nucleus, thiazole and pyridine derivatives are promising to the treatment of VL. INTRODUCTION The prevalence of drug resistant cases is increasing globally. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of multi drug resistant (MDR) gram negative bacteria blood culture positive cases at the time of admission ie within 24 hr to hospital from primary or secondary care centers. METHODS The record base retrospective cross sectional study was designed to analyze multi drug resistant-gram negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) positive cases at Fortis hospital, Mumbai, India. Fortis hospital is a 500 bedded referral tertiary care center. An increasing rise of MDR GNB was seen rising from January 2012 till June 2014 in the hospital. A retrospective analysis of blood culture GNB positive samples was performed to evaluate MDR-GNB positive cases at admission. link2 RESULTS The total number of blood cultures positive in January to December 2012, January to December 2013 and January to June 2014 were 221, 236 and 116 respectively, where, 77.83%, 79.66% and 69.83% were GNB positive. link3 Total MDR-GNB positive cases were 26.
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