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Minimally invasive way of the management of Giant retroperitoneal cystic tumors: Demonstration regarding a pair of cases and materials review.
Importantly, the use of NHPs should be justified in terms of scientific benefits considering target affinity, expression pattern, and pharmacological cross-reactivity. Strict standards are required for the use of animals. Therefore, this review is helpful for the selection of appropriate non-rodent in regulatory toxicology studies by providing sufficient regulatory, ethical, and scientific data for each species.Lactobacillus fermentum KU200060 was isolated from watery kimchi and its probiotic characteristics were evaluated, including tolerance to artificial gastric acid and bile salt, production of enzymes, ability to adhere to HT-29 cells, and antibiotic susceptibility. The antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of L. fermentum KU200060 against Streptococcus mutans KCTC 5316 were compared to those of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus brevis KU15006. L. fermentum KU200060 demonstrated higher antibacterial activity and inhibition of biofilm formation by S. mutans than L. rhamnosus GG via inhibiting formation of water-insoluble glucan and related gene expression. In addition, L. fermentum KU200060 was applied as a probiotic in yogurt, and its physicochemical property and sensory value demonstrated its potential as a yogurt starter. The physicochemical characteristics and consumer acceptability of the probiotic yogurt containing L. fermentum KU200060 were not significantly different compared to those of the control yogurt. Therefore, L. selleck compound fermentum KU200060 could be used for oral health in the probiotic industry.Leptospirosis is considered as a neglected tropical disease which is caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. The precise mechanisms of leptospirosis pathogenesis are unclear and hence, the progress in development of treatment modalities has been dismal. The present study aimed to identify novel virulent factors of leptospires to understand the disease pathogenesis and to develop treatment modalities. Leptospira interrogans contains two chromosomes and encodes for ~3703 genes, but the functions of several open reading frames have not yet been explored. Among them, novel virulent associated leptospiral proteins (LIC11334, LIC11542, LIC11436, LIC11120 and LIC12539) were identified using VirulentPredict and the antigenicity of these targets was explored by VaxiJen server. Domain architecture of the pathogen specific proteins revealed that LIC11334 had potential to evoke significant immune response against leptospiral infection and LIC11436 contains four folds of immunoglobulin-like domain and plays a vital role in pathogenesis. Therefore, B-cell epitopes were predicted and the epitope of high virulence (and VaxiJen score from LIC11334) was chemically synthesized as peptide (KNSMP01) and labeled with Biotin (Biotin-SGSGEVENPDPKVAQEC). Binding affinity of KNSMP01 with MHC molecules was predicted and the molecule was discovered to have potential to elicit both humoral and cell mediated immune responses and found to interact with host components via hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding and salt bridges. Rabbit antisera was raised against KNSMP01 and found to elicit antigenicity using Western, ELISA and dot blot assays. In silico and in vitro experiments show KNSMP01 to be a promising immunogen and may be a better vaccine candidate for leptospirosis.Alcohol is a psychoactive substance highly used worldwide, whose harmful use might cause a broad range of mental and behavioural disorders. Underlying brain impact, the neuroinflammatory response induced by alcohol is recognised as a key contributing factor in the progression of other neuropathological processes, such as neurodegeneration. These sequels are determined by multiple factors, including age of exposure. Strikingly, it seems that the endocannabinoid system modulation could regulate the alcohol-induced neuroinflammation. Although direct CB1 activation can worsen alcohol consequences, targeting other components of the expanded endocannabinoid system may counterbalance the pro-inflammatory response. Indeed, specific modulations of the expanded endocannabinoid system have been proved to exert anti-inflammatory effects, primarily through the CB2 and PPARγ signalling. Among them, some endo- and exogeneous cannabinoids can block certain pro-inflammatory mediators, such as NF-κB, thereby neutralizing the neuroinflammatory intracellular cascades. Furthermore, a number of cannabinoids are able to activate complementary anti-inflammatory pathways, which are necessary for the transition from chronically overactivated microglia to a regenerative microglial phenotype. Thus, cannabinoid modulation provides cooperative anti-inflammatory mechanisms that may be advantageous to resolve a pathological neuroinflammation in an alcohol-dependent context.The gut microbiota is composed of a large number of microbes, usually regarded as commensal bacteria. It has become gradually clear that gastrointestinal microbiota affects gut pathophysiology and the central nervous system (CNS) function by modulating the signaling pathways of the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis. This bidirectional MGB axis communication primarily acts through neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and autonomic nervous systems (ANS) mechanisms. Accumulating evidence reveals that gut microbiota interacts with the host brain, and its modulation may play a critical role in the pathology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Recently, neuroscience research has established the significance of gut microbiota in the development of brain systems that are essential to stress-related behaviors, including depression and anxiety. Application of modulators of the MGB, such as psychobiotics (e.g., probiotics), prebiotics, and specific diets, may be a promising therapeutic approach for neuropsychiatric disorders. The present review article primarily focuses on the relevant features of the disturbances of the MGB axis in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and its potential mechanisms.
Pandemics such as COVID-19 can lead to severe shortages in healthcare resources, requiring the development of evidence-based Crisis Standard of Care (CSC) protocols. A protocol that limits the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) to events that are more likely to result in a positive outcome can lower hospital burdens and reduce emergency medical services resources and infection risk, although it would come at the cost of lives lost that could otherwise be saved. Our primary objective was to evaluate candidate OHCA CSC protocols involving known predictors of survival and identify the protocol that results in the smallest resource burden, as measured by the number of hospitalizations required per favorable OHCA outcome achieved. Our secondary objective was to describe the effects of the CSC protocols in terms of health outcomes and other measures of resource burden.

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients in the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) datas.Over the last two decades, a large number of studies have concluded that bilingualism enhances executive functions. However, other studies have reported no significant results. In addition, it is not clear how bilingualism might modulate specific executive control processes. Event-related potentials (ERP) are an excellent technique for identifying whether the neural correlates of executive control processes are strengthened by bilingualism, given their high temporal resolution. On the basis of previous research into the ERP correlates of executive functions, we hypothesize that specific ERP differences between monolinguals and bilinguals can be considered to indicate a bilingual advantage in executive functions. We then review the very limited number of studies that have investigated ERP differences between monolinguals and bilinguals during the performance of executive control tasks. Overall, we conclude that the existence of a bilingual advantage in neural processing related to executive functions remains uncertain and further studies are required. We highlight the utility of investigating several ERPs that have been ignored by previous studies.Poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) rubber is a highly demanded elastomeric material mainly used for the manufacturing of tires. The end-cycle of rubber-made products is creating serious environmental concern and, therefore, different recycling processes have been proposed. However, the current physical-chemical processes include the use of hazardous chemical solvents, large amounts of energy, and possibly generations of unhealthy micro-plastics. Under this scenario, eco-friendly alternatives are needed and biotechnological rubber treatments are demonstrating huge potential. The cleavage mechanisms and the biochemical pathways for the uptake of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) rubber have been extensively reported. Likewise, novel bacterial strains able to degrade the polymer have been studied and the involved structural and functional enzymes have been analyzed. Considering the fundamentals, biotechnological approaches have been proposed considering process optimization, cost-effective methods and larger-scale experiments in the search for practical and realistic applications. In this work, the latest research in the rubber biodegradation field is shown and discussed, aiming to analyze the combination of detoxification, devulcanization and polymer-cleavage mechanisms to achieve better degradation yields. The modified superficial structure of rubber materials after biological treatments might be an interesting way to reuse old rubber for re-vulcanization or to find new materials.Despite many studies investigating the mechanism of Sulfur Mustard (SM) induced lung injury, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Inflammatory and subsequent fibroproliferative stages of SM-toxicity are based upon several highly-related series of events controlled by the immune system. The inhalation of SM gas variably affects different cell populations within the lungs. Various studies have shown the critical role of macrophages in triggering a pulmonary inflammatory response as well as its maintenance, resolution, and repair. Importantly, macrophages can serve as either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory populations depending on the present conditions at any pathological stage. Different characteristics of macrophages, including their differentiation, phenotypic, and functional properties, as well as interactions with other cell populations determine the outcomes of lung diseases and the extent of long- or short-term pulmonary damage induced by SM. In this paper, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of alveolar macrophages and their mediators in the pathogenesis of SM in pulmonary injury. Investigating the specific cells and mechanisms involved in SM-lung injury may be useful in finding new target opportunities for treatment of this injury.The reproductive toxicity associated with furan exposure in both animals and humans has been documented. Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a dietary polyphenolic chemical, reportedly elicits beneficial effects on the male reproductive system. However, the influence of PCA on the reproductive toxicity related to furan exposure is unavailable in the literature. The current study evaluated the effects of PCA on the dysfunctional reproductive axis caused by furan exposure in rats. Experimental animals were exposed to furan (8 mg/kg) or co-treated with furan (8 mg/kg) and PCA (25 or 50 mg/kg) for twenty-eight successive days. Results revealed that PCA treatment significantly alleviated furan-mediated declines in sperm production and characteristic qualities as well as in serum levels of prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone. Further, PCA attenuated furan-induced reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities and testicular function marker enzymes, namely lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase.
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