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Hawaiian Issues Foreign trade Business Workers' Attitudes toward Animal Well being.
Jaak Panksepp's Affective Neuroscience Theory (ANT) belongs to the most prominent emotion theories in the psychological and psychiatric sciences. ANT proposes the existence of seven primary emotional systems deeply anchored in the mammalian brain. These emotional/motivational systems have been shaped by evolutionary processes and function as tools for survival in mammalian species. The systems are called SEEKING, LUST, CARE, and PLAY, as well as ANGER, FEAR, and SADNESS. Panksepp carved out these emotional systems via means of deep brain stimulation, brain lesion and pharmacological manipulation studies. Davis et al. (2003) designed the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) against the background of findings from ANT. This self-report inventory is meant to enable researchers to assess individual differences in primary emotional systems. Seventeen years have passed since the first version of the ANPS has been published. Therefore, we now provide a comprehensive overview on studies using the ANPS including work from personality science, psychiatry and the neurosciences.The major problems of morphine use in the clinic are its tolerance and dependence. This study aimed to investigate the effect of suvorexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist, on morphine-induced dependence and tolerance in mice and evaluate the level of NMDA, AMPA, ERK, p-ERK, CREB and p-CREB proteins in the brain. Tolerance and dependence were induced by repeated injection of morphine in mice (three times a day for 3 days, 50, 50, and 75 mg/kg /day). To evaluate the effects of the drugs on morphine-induced tolerance and dependence, suvorexant (30, 60 and 90 mg/kg), clonidine (positive control, 0.1 mg/kg) and saline were injected intraperitoneally 30 min before each injection of morphine. Tolerance and locomotor activity were assessed by tail-flick and open-field tests, respectively. The effect of suvorexant on the naloxone (5 mg/kg, ip)-induced morphine withdrawal, was also evaluated. Finally, the expression of proteins in the brain of mice was measured by western blot. Administration of suvorexant with morphine significantly reduced morphine-induced tolerance. Also, suvorexant attenuated the naloxone-precipitated opioid withdrawal. Suvorexant decreased morphine-enhanced levels of CREB and p-ERK proteins but did not affect the expression of NMDA and AMPA proteins compared to the morphine group. Suvorexant reduced morphine-induced tolerance and dependence through the inhibition of orexin receptors as well as changes in CREB and p-ERK protein levels in the brain.Arsenic (iAs) and fluoride (F) are ubiquitous in the environment. All over the world, in many countries, thousands of people are suffering from the toxic effects of arsenicals ad fluorides. These two elements are recognized worldwide as the most serious inorganic contaminants in drinking water. When two different types of toxicants are simultaneously going inside the human body they may function independently or can act as synergistic or antagonistic to one another. Although there have been reports in literature of individual toxicity of iAs and F, however, not much is known about the effects following the combined exposure to the toxicants above mentioned. In this work, we investigated the effect of the co-exposure to low levels of iAs/F through drinking water during pregnancy and lactation on central nervous system functionality in the exposed rats offspring. Wistar rats were exposed to one of these solutions 0.05 mg/L iAs and 5 mg/L F (Concentration A) or 0.10 mg/L iAs and 10 mg/L F (Concentration B) from gestational day 0 up to post-gestational day 21. Sensory-motor reflexes a Functional Observational Battery and the locomotor activity in an open field were assessed in offspring. Additionally, the transaminases, acethylcholinesterase and catalase levels in the striatum were determined to elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms involved in locomotor and neurobehavioral disorders. The results showed that iAs/F exposition during development produces a delay reach the maturity of sensorimotor reflexes. A decrease in the nociceptive reflex response, and increase in the locomotor activity in adult rats offspring were observed. The increase in oxidative stress, the inhibition of transaminases enzymes and the inhibition of AChE in the striatum may partially regulate all the neurobehavioral disorders observed.The core of systemic racism and sexism is not merely an emphasis about human differences and thinking that another group of people is inferior to one's own. Rather, the institutional nature of racism or sexism establishes a permanent group hierarchy that is believed to reflect the laws of nature or the decrees of God. It thus becomes the norm of a culture to think and behave according to these rules. Decitabine Notions of hierarchy became solidified into the Great Chain of Being during the Middle Ages, as did views concerning hereditary racial and gender superiority. During the Enlightenment, such classifications became established by philosophy and science. Starting in the 1800s, embryology and anthropology were used to provide evidence for the unilinear progression of species and races. The first evolutionary schemes were not "branching trees." In these schemes, women and non-white races were seen as embryonic or juvenile forms of the adult white male, and they were often depicted as intermediaries between the fully human and the animals. Such linear schemes of evolution remain part of popular culture and even some science, promoting the racism and sexism associated with them.The soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/GMPc pathway plays an important role in controlling pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We investigated whether the novel sGC stimulator trans-4-methoxy-β-nitrostyrene (T4MN), ameliorates monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. At Day 0, rats were injected with MCT (60 mg/kg, s. c.). Control (CNT) rats received an equal volume of monocrotaline vehicle only (s.c.). Four weeks later, MCT-treated rats were orally treated for 14 days with T4MN (75 mg/kg/day) (MCT-T4MN group) or its vehicle (MCT-V group), and with sildenafil (SIL; 50 mg/kg) (MCT-SIL group). Compared to the CNT group, MCT treatment induced a significant increase in both the Fulton index and RV systolic pressure but significantly reduced the maximum relaxation induced by acetylcholine. Indeed, MCT treatment increased the wall thickness of small and larger pulmonary arterioles. Oral treatment with T4MN and SIL reduced the Fulton index and RV systolic pressure compared to the MCT-V group. Maximum relaxation induced by acetylcholine was significantly enhanced in MCT-SIL group.
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