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A novel 3D printed curved monopole microstrip antenna the perception of biomedical programs.
Hip fracture is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in older people, and its impact on society is substantial. After surgery, people require rehabilitation to help them recover. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation is where rehabilitation is delivered by a multidisciplinary team, supervised by a geriatrician, rehabilitation physician or other appropriate physician. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2009.

To assess the effects of multidisciplinary rehabilitation, in either inpatient or ambulatory care settings, for older people with hip fracture.

We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase (October 2020), and two trials registers (November 2019).

We included randomised and quasi-randomised trials of post-surgical care using multidisciplinary rehabilitation of older people (aged 65 years or over) with hip fracture. The primary outcome - 'poor outcome' - was a composite of mortality and decline in residential statf very low certainty. The generally very low-certainty evidence available for supported discharge and multidisciplinary home rehabilitation means that we are very uncertain whether the findings of little or no difference for all outcomes between the intervention and usual care is true. Given the prevalent clinical emphasis on early discharge, we suggest that research is best orientated towards early supported discharge and identifying the components of multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation to optimise patient recovery within hospital and the components of multidisciplinary rehabilitation, including social care, subsequent to hospital discharge.
Saudi Arabia embarked on transforming its primary health care system in 2016 to meet international standards, gain the people's trust and respond to the growing burden of noncommunicable diseases, as proposed in the Saudi Vision 2030.

This review aims to highlight the progress, identify challenges and prospects for Saudi Arabia's PHC reform process in order to make recommendations to facilitate strengthening of the PHC system.

A review of previous studies and governmental reports was undertaken to extract, analyse, synthesize and report the findings.

The review has indicated that by mid-2019, the reform has contributed to an increase of 37.5% in the rate of PHC visits and 4.7% increase in patient satisfaction, enhanced coverage of rural communities (from 78% to 83%), and contributed to increasing the screening rate for prevalent chronic diseases. However, the country still faces gaps and challenges pertaining to human resources issues, cultural and lifestyle behaviour, geography, intersectoral collaboration and PHC infrastructure.

PHC reform process in Saudi Arabia has demonstrated that positive change is achievable. This has been aided by building on previous accomplishments and the wealth of experience gained throughout the PHC journey in Saudi Arabia. However, despite improvement in the quality of services, continuous improvement is required to meet the rising expectations of the population.
PHC reform process in Saudi Arabia has demonstrated that positive change is achievable. This has been aided by building on previous accomplishments and the wealth of experience gained throughout the PHC journey in Saudi Arabia. However, despite improvement in the quality of services, continuous improvement is required to meet the rising expectations of the population.
Recent information on regulation of the pharmaceutical sector in Iraq is scarce.

This report summarizes the regulations governing pharmaceutical products in Iraq, assesses the challenges faced and makes recommendations to tackle these issues.

The Iraq pharmaceutical country profile 2020, prepared by the Iraqi Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020, was the main source of information.

Despite all the efforts by the Ministry of Health to provide adequate and safe medicines, the Iraqi pharmaceutical sector has several challenges, including inadequate budget allocated to the ministry, shortages in essential medicines, underutilization of electronic technologies in the management of regulation-related work, a large number of substandard and falsified medications in the private sector and a stagnant national pharmaceutical industry.

The Ministry of Health needs more financial support from the federal government to fund its activities and technical support from international health organizations to provide training and resources.
The Ministry of Health needs more financial support from the federal government to fund its activities and technical support from international health organizations to provide training and resources.
Almost everyone's health-related quality of life (HQoL) can be affected by a huge health problem like the COVID-19 pandemic.

We assessed the short-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HQoL in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.

A printed version of the MS-specific HQoL questionnaire was completed by patients at the neurology department at the university hospital in Tabriz and the scores before and during the pandemic (2019 and 2020) were compared.

We recruited 50 patients for this study. Although the overall physical (69.29 + SD 16.59, to 68.40 + SD 20.95) and mental health (67.36 + SD 19.02 to 66.76 + SD 22.70) composite scores decreased slightly in the second stage, however, this change was not statistically significant (P = 0.67, P = 0.83). The severity of MS was associated with changes in mental and physical health composites.

The effect of the pandemic on the HQoL of mildly disabled MS patients was not statistically significant.
The effect of the pandemic on the HQoL of mildly disabled MS patients was not statistically significant.
Discontinuation of hormonal contraceptives is an important contributor to unmet need of contraception.

To determine the discontinuation rate and the reasons for discontinuation of hormonal contraception among Omani women.

This was a 2-stage sampling, multicentre, retrospective cohort study conducted in 2018 at primary health care centres in Muscat Region, Oman. It included newly registered users of hormonal contraceptives in birth spacing clinics from January to December 2016 and the course of care over the following 12 months. A telephone interview was conducted to complement some of the missing data. The contraceptive methods available were combined oral contraceptives, progesterone only pills and injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate.

We included 404 women and 87.8% were breast-feeding. By the end of the first year, (268; 66.3%) women discontinued their contraceptive method. More than half (55.2% 148/268) of the discontinuation was attributed to adverse effects and the most prevalent was menstrual abnormality (102/268; 38.1%). Only 5.6% (15/268) discontinued contraception because they desired pregnancy. Partners and logistics of availability and access played a minimal role in discontinuation. Age and number of children did not influence the discontinuation rate.

This study improves our knowledge about the rate of discontinuation of hormonal contraception and its related factors in Oman, which can be used for population-specific counselling. Future research should study the contraception behaviour of breast-feeding women to assess when and why they discontinue their contraceptive methods.
This study improves our knowledge about the rate of discontinuation of hormonal contraception and its related factors in Oman, which can be used for population-specific counselling. Future research should study the contraception behaviour of breast-feeding women to assess when and why they discontinue their contraceptive methods.
Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autoinflammatory, multisystem disease affecting the populations of the Mediterranean basin.

The aim of this study was to assess the research input of Arab countries on FMF between 2004 and 2019.

The Medline database (PubMed) was accessed for FMF-related publications. selleck The number of publications was normalized to average population size, GDP and number of physicians for every country. VOSViewer was used to create a co-occurrence bibliographic map.

Between 2004 and 2019, 69 articles relating to FMF were published in the Arab world, accounting for 0.03% of the total number of publications originating in Arab countries, and 3.60% of all articles relating to FMF worldwide. After normalizing to average population size, GDP and number of physicians, Lebanon ranked first with 4.44, 0.64 and 1.99 publications per million persons respectively. Moderate positive correlations were found between number of publications and average population size (r = 0.385) and average number of physicians (r = 0.513). Half of the articles were published in journals ranked Q1 and Q2. An abundance of keywords relating to genetics hint at a main focus on the genetic aspect of the disease.

The low number of publications could be a result of the absence of research funding and the political and military instability in the Arab world. Given that many articles were published in high quality journals, Arab countries should focus on providing a clinical aspect to their studies and working on regional and international collaborations.
The low number of publications could be a result of the absence of research funding and the political and military instability in the Arab world. Given that many articles were published in high quality journals, Arab countries should focus on providing a clinical aspect to their studies and working on regional and international collaborations.
Tobacco smoking is a leading cause of premature mortality, incurring substantial economic costs.

To estimate the rate and cost of premature mortality attributable to smoking in the 24 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries in 2015.

Smoking attributable fractions were estimated. Twenty-four smoking-related diseases were included in the analysis. For each country, the total number of deaths by disease, age, and gender among individuals aged ≥ 15 years were derived from a World Health Organization database. Human capital approach was used in calculating cost of premature mortality.

Smoking was responsible for 465 285 deaths in MENA countries, resulting in 7 122 706 years of potential life lost, or an average of 15.23 years lost per smoking-related death. Of the total 465 285 smoking-related deaths, 412 415 (88.6%) occurred in men, accounting for 37% of all deaths from the diseases considered in this analysis among men. The total mortality cost attributable to smoking was estimated at US$ 29.7 billion in 2015 (0.76% of MENA's gross domestic product). Turkey was the country most affected by the tobacco epidemic, representing 41% of smoking-related mortality cost in the whole region, followed by Saudi Arabia (8.76%) and Egypt (7.88%).

Smoking is an important preventable cause of premature mortality in MENA countries. Substantial decline in smoking-attributable deaths and significant economic cost saving can be achieved in this region through more effective tobacco control policies.
Smoking is an important preventable cause of premature mortality in MENA countries. Substantial decline in smoking-attributable deaths and significant economic cost saving can be achieved in this region through more effective tobacco control policies.
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