Notes

Repeated hepatocellular carcinoma showing while thoracic lymphadenopathy.
2-69.0%) and dental fluorosis (33.7-35.0%) were commonly observed diseases. Effectiveness of referral was significantly high among the middle age adults and females (P<0.05). The effectiveness of referral was highly improved in 2013 after establishment of certain guidelines and strategies.

The approaches by dental institutions with the help of community outreach programs can spread awareness and disseminate treatment and thereby enhancing access to care and eliminating access to care within the rural communities.
The approaches by dental institutions with the help of community outreach programs can spread awareness and disseminate treatment and thereby enhancing access to care and eliminating access to care within the rural communities.
Breast cancer is a disease with an increasing incidence, and it originates from several factors. Risk factors of this disease represent a diverse group of parameters, which also include hormonal influences.

The aim of the present study was to determine if there is a relationship between hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy in patients with diagnosed most common types of breast cancer taking into account the age at which the disease was diagnosed in selected sonographic clinic in the district of Nitra, Slovak Republic.

As a part of an ongoing retrospective study from 2005, a cohort of 300 randomly selected patients aged 25-87 years with diagnosed breast cancer have been monitored in 2012. The age at which breast cancer was diagnosed, and relationship to hormone therapy were analysed based on medical documentation.

Among 300 randomly selected patients with a confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer the group at the age of 40-59 was the most numerous (mean age was 53.06±11.25 years). The mpossible to provide a clear conclusion, because their influence on the tumour is difficult to verify.
Nowadays, the breast cancer treatment, especially at early stages, is successful, however, the malignant breast neoplasm remains the most common oncological disease causing the death amongst women. In the assessment of the impact of HC and HRT on breast cancer, it is not possible to provide a clear conclusion, because their influence on the tumour is difficult to verify.
Although Poland belongs to the economically developed countries, social transformations affect people's incomes and, consequently, their diets, what in many cases caused development of diet-related diseases. Results of epidemiological studies among students show symptoms of certain civilization diseases.

The aim of this study was to compare the intake of nutrients by Polish students in our study with the nutrients intake by students from other university centres abroad and the determination of the direct impact on health parameters of educated people.

The study involved 329 Polish students. The dietary information was collected by interview on food intake during the last 24 hours. The index of BMI and WHR were calculated using anthropometric method. 27 nutrients, dietary fibre and daily total cholesterol intake with the computer program "Dietetyk 2" (National Food and Nutrition Institute, Warsaw, Poland).

Both women and men consume inadequate amounts of milk and dairy products, fruits, vegetables, vitamin C and iron. The average daily intake of vitamin C and iron was below the standard of nutrition. Diets in men was characterized by excessive content of meat and in women sucrose. 35% of the students surveyed were overweight or obese. There was a lot of irregularities in the diet of both women and men, but men's diet was more balanced in terms of nutrient content than the diet of women.

The delivery of thiamine, riboflavin, calcium, and vitamin C is less in Polish students than in other populations compared. Nutritional mistakes and dietary habits during studies can influence the development of disease in young educated people.
The delivery of thiamine, riboflavin, calcium, and vitamin C is less in Polish students than in other populations compared. Nutritional mistakes and dietary habits during studies can influence the development of disease in young educated people.
Proper nutrition can not only guarantee harmonious child's development, but can also protect against later development of diet-related diseases such as type-2 diabetes, obesity or cardiovascular diseases. Many diseases as well as disorders of intellectual development of a young people may result from the mistakes made in a period of an intense growth and maturing of a child.

The aim of this study was to assess nutritional habits and preferences in subjects brought up in orphanages in terms of subjective evaluation of eating patterns, frequency of the meal consumption, and a concern about healthy life style.

This study has been conducted to evaluate nutritional habits and preferences of 181 children aged 9-20, from orphanages in Krakow. Study was performed in 2007-2008 in 5 orphanages, which were under the control of Social Welfare Centre. Evaluation of nutritional habits and preferences was performed on the basis of an anonymous 8-question questionnaire adjusted to the respondent's age, which referred, study, identify the improper nutritional habits and indicate the necessity of intervention, consisting on training courses and workshops for children, adolescents and their teachers.
Abnormal body mass and related metabolic disorders may affect female reproductive health.

To determine the prevalence of under- and overweight, and also related metabolic disorders, among women at procreative age in Warsaw.

164 non-pregnant women at procreative age (20-49 years) living in Warsaw, who in 2011-2012 participated in the WAW-KARD cross-sectional study of the Warsaw population, assigned to 3 age groups 20-29 years (n=17), 30-39 years (n=78) and 40-49 years (n=69).

Under- and overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity was found in respectively 1.2%, 25%, 12.2% and 37.2% of the participants. Prevalence of excessive body mass tended to increase with age. Hypercholesterolemia was shown in 42.7% of the whole group and was particularly widespread in the oldest females (56.5%). Prevalence of low serum HDL-cholesterol levels (found in 13.4% of the whole group) tended to increase with age, on the borderline of statistical significance. The mean fasting glucose level was 5.0±0.4 mmol/l and tended to increase with age. Impaired fasting glucose concerned 7.7% and 10.6% of females in age groups of 30-39 and 40-49 years respectively, and diabetes 4.4% of females 40-49 years old. Prevalence of arterial hypertension and metabolic syndrome (MS) in the whole group was 10.4% and 7.3% respectively; prevalence of MS tended to increase with age, on the borderline of statistical significance.

Overweight and obesity, especially of abdominal type, are prevalent in women at procreative age in Warsaw. Disturbances of lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as arterial hypertension and MS, are also frequent. Prevalence of many of them tended to increase with age. Some of the women exhibited diabetes.
Overweight and obesity, especially of abdominal type, are prevalent in women at procreative age in Warsaw. Disturbances of lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as arterial hypertension and MS, are also frequent. Prevalence of many of them tended to increase with age. Some of the women exhibited diabetes.
It is believed that buckwheat can be used as a functional food ingredient in the prevention and treatment of diet-related diseases, e.g., atherosclerosis, hypertension, obesity, constipation and cancers. The use of buckwheat protein preparations in the diet for experimental animals had a significant effect on the reduction of cholesterol level in their blood serum, liver and gall bladder, and additionally inhibited the formation of gall stones as a result of changes in cholesterol metabolism. Buckwheat protein extracts have additionally been shown to reduce the level of LDL and VLDL fractions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different products from ground buckwheat nuts (flour, meal and bran) and bread with their addition applied in balanced diets on selected biochemical blood markers in Wistar rats.

The study was conducted with 64 male Wistar rats. Selleckchem Proteasome inhibitor Animals received a semi-synthetic diet AIN 93M with 20% addition of buckwheat flour, meal or bran and containing 20% rye-buckwheat breaoducts (buckwheat flour, meal and bran) and rye-buckwheat bread containing these products.
A statistically significant decrease was demonstrated in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood serum of animals fed diets with 20% addition of ground buckwheat products (buckwheat flour, meal and bran) and rye-buckwheat bread containing these products.
Arsenic is widely distributed in the environment. The main routes of absorption of inorganic arsenic compounds are the lungs and the gastrointestinal tract. Arsenates both (III) and (V) are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in 55-95%, while the organic arsenic compounds in 75-85%. Arsenic poisoning leads to damage the activities and morphological changes in the stomach and intestines, causing the occurrence of nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Arsenic compounds may also be the cause of the development of certain cancers (lung, skin and liver). The first changes caused by arsenic poisoning usually remain unnoticed. Arsenic affects haematological and both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. It also causes changes in the organs involved in metabolism, so biochemical parameters or enzymes activity are therefore a good indicator of poisoning changes.

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of protein and fat content in diet on selected biochemical blood parameters in rats.

Rats (11 groups n = metabolism depended mostly on diet than the dose of arsenic.
Symptoms of arsenic hepatotoxicity measured with enzyme activity were highest in the groups of animals fed with low-protein diet. The parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism depended mostly on diet than the dose of arsenic.
The belief that Chinese teas are of immense health benefits by many Nigerians has led to high consumption rate.

This study has determined lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels of Chinese teas popularly consumed in Nigeria and to estimate the potential health risks.

Twenty brands of Chinese teas commonly consumed in Nigeria purchased in October 2014 were used in the study. Tea samples were extracted and digested. Lead, and PAHs were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) and gas chromatographic methods, respectively. Daily intake, percent violations of permissible limits, target hazard quotients (THQ), Health Risk Index (HRI) of lead, and other cancer risk parameters of PAHs were estimated.

All the tea samples except super natural green tea violated the WHO permissible limit of lead (0.01 mg/kg) by over 100%. The HRI ranged from 5.09×10(-5)-7.20×10(-4). Among the single analyzed compounds, the pyrenes had the highest concentration of 14.31 mg/kg. The intake of benzo[a]pyrene was detected in 25% of the samples which ranged from 0.066 to 0.145 mg/kg and exceeded the permissible daily limit of benzo[a]pyrene intake. The estimated cancer risk from this study in an adult is 5.07×10(-9).

The present study suggests that consumption of Chinese teas in Nigeria may not be one of the factors responsible for the increased rate of cancer in Nigeria.
The present study suggests that consumption of Chinese teas in Nigeria may not be one of the factors responsible for the increased rate of cancer in Nigeria.
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