Notes

Balance modify in Diffusion Design Variables over A couple of years.
We analyzed the relationship between carbon stable isotope characteristics of 131 Hippophae populations and environmental factors by measuring the foliar δ13C value in Hippophae. The results showed that the foliar δ13C values of Hippophae ranged from -24.65‰ to -29.11‰, with an average of -26.97‰. Hippophae species were C3 plants. For the foliar δ13C values, the coefficient variation at intraspecific level was higher than that at interspecific level, indicating that environmental factors should be main factors driving the variations of leaf δ13C. The δ13C values had no significant correlation with latitude and longitude, but were negatively correlated with altitude. The regression equation was δ13C(‰)=0.118VAP-0.007GST-0.000028RDA-20.721 (R2=0.212,P<0.0001). Water vapor pressure (VAP), growing season temperature (GST), and radiation (RDA) were the major factors affecting foliar δ13C values. Our results could provide a theoretical basis to understand the responses of Hippophae species to global climate change.To investigate the plant community characteristics of alpine cutting blanks under different restoration approaches, we conducted a field survey on cutting blanks experienced either natural restoration (40 years) or artificial restoration (30, 40 and 50 years) in western Sichuan, with natural forests as the reference. Our results showed that after 40 years natural succession, cutting blank was replaced by the secondary shrub of Spiraea alpina, while artificial restoration plantation was dominated by Picea likiangensis var. rubescens. The similarity indices between these communities and natural forests were low (0.19) and medium (0.28-0.49), respectively. Cutting blank through natural and artificial restoration had lower species diversity in the shrub layer but higher diversity in the herb layer than that of natural forests. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/p22077.html With the increases of recovery time, total cross-sectional area at breast height, wood volume, index of species diameter class distribution, diversity indices, and similarity indices between plantations and natural forests gradually increased, while stand density gradually decreased. Compared with natural forests, plantations were facing with problems including high stand density, unreasonable structure, pure stands of cohorts and poor regeneration.Forests play an important role in regulating climate change and maintaining carbon balance. To explore the carbon storage and carbon sequestration rate of national forest parks is of great significance for carbon sequestration capacity assessment and sustainable forest management. A process-based ecosystem model (CEVSA2 model) was used to simulate the spatial distribution of carbon density, carbon storage and carbon sequestration rate of 881 national forest parks in China during 1982-2017. The results showed that the average carbon density of national forest parks was 255.18 t C·hm-2, being higher than the average carbon density of forest ecosystem in China. In 2017, the total carbon storage of national forest parks increased to 3.56 Pg C, accounting for 11.0%-12.2% of the total carbon storage in national forest ecosystems. During 1982-2017, the average carbon sequestration rate of national forest parks reached 0.45 t C·hm-2·a-1, and the carbon sequestration rate of all national forest parks was above 0.30 t C·hm-2·a-1. National forest parks in the northeast and southwest of China had the highest total carbon storage. The national forest parks in northeast of China had the highest soil organic carbon sequestration rate, while those in eastern China and central southern China had the highest biomass carbon sequestration rate. The area of national forest parks accounted for 5.8% of the total forest area of China, playing an important role in forest carbon sink management of China. Accurate assessment of the growth status, carbon sequestration potential and carbon absorption characteristics of national forest parks could provide reference for the comprehensive assessment of ecosystem service of forest parks in China.Over the past decades, global warming significantly affected the spring phenology of plants. Many studies have reported the temporal and spatial patterns of spring phenological changes in China, but relatively less is known for that in Europe, which is also located in the temperate area of the Northern Hemisphere. To facilitate the regional comparison of phenological change and understand its response to climate change, we used the data of first leaf date (FLD) in Europe (1980-2014) and the corresponding meteorological data to examine the spatiotemporal variations in leaf-out phenology of four typical tree species (Aesculus hippocastanum, Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, and Quercus robur), and to identify the major climatic factors driving such variations. The results showed that the FLD of the four species in the study area advanced by 3.3-7.5 d·10 a-1 during 1980-2014. The FLD was delayed at a rate of 2.03-3.19 d per degree of latitude from south to north, of 0.19-0.80 d per degree of longitude from west to East (except for Fagus sylvatica), of 2.25-3.44 d·100 m-1 from low to high elevation. The advances in the FLD were mainly attributed to the increases of temperature in spring and the increases of precipitation in spring and winter. The rise of temperature in autumn and winter would delay FLD.Ecosystem management at large scales is one of the core solutions to solve current global challenges of environmental and resources problem, mitigate climate change, govern ecosystems and environments regionally and achieve sustainable development. It is also a hotspot in the research and practice of conservation of global natural resources and ecosystems. Based on recalling and synthesizing of several large international actions on ecosystem management in the past two decades, this article rethought the concept of ecosystem management and its application from the perspective of discipline development of ecosystem management, theoretical fundaments and practices. The content included three parts firstly, we reviewed the development of the scientific concept and practice of ecosystem management, discussed the connotations of the concept and redefined it, and summarized the practice of ecosystem management and its contribution to the development of the discipline. Secondly, we clarified the scientific and technological mission and basic tasks of ecosystem management, organized the discipline system of ecosystem management and its main research fields, summarized fundamental theories and the knowledge system of the science of ecosystem management, and clarified critical steps of ecosystem management actions, basic elements of management plans and management approaches.
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