Notes

Extracurricular Participation as well as Study course Functionality in the Middle Marks: Research associated with Low-Income, Metropolitan Youth.
The detection of 134Cs derived from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in the redeposited mud indicates that the suspended shelf water state was maintained for some days after the tsunami.The interplay between ferromagnetism and topological properties of electronic band structures leads to a precise quantization of Hall resistance without any external magnetic field. This so-called quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) is born out of topological correlations, and is oblivious of low-sample quality. It was envisioned to lead towards dissipation-less and topologically protected electronics. However, no clear framework of how to design such an electronic device out of it exists. Here we construct an ultra-low power, non-volatile, cryogenic memory architecture leveraging the QAHE phenomenon. Our design promises orders of magnitude lower cell area compared with the state-of-the-art cryogenic memory technologies. We harness the fundamentally quantized Hall resistance levels in moiré graphene heterostructures to store non-volatile binary bits (1, 0). We perform the memory write operation through controlled hysteretic switching between the quantized Hall states, using nano-ampere level currents with opposite polarities. The non-destructive read operation is performed by sensing the polarity of the transverse Hall voltage using a separate pair of terminals. We custom design the memory architecture with a novel sensing mechanism to avoid accidental data corruption, ensure highest memory density and minimize array leakage power. Our design provides a pathway towards realizing topologically protected memory devices.The preparatory accommodation response of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) before swallowing is one of the mechanisms involved in LES relaxation during wet swallows, however, the physiological and/or pathological roles of LES accommodation remain to be determined in humans. To address this problem, we conducted a prospective observational study of 38 patients with normal high-resolution manometry (HRM) and 23 patients with idiopathic esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) to assess dry and wet swallows. The LES accommodation measurement was proposed for practical use in evaluating the LES accommodation response. Although swallow-induced LES relaxation was observed in both dry and wet swallows, LES accommodation (6.4, 3.1-11.1 mmHg) was only observed in wet swallows. The extent of LES accommodation was impaired in idiopathic EGJOO (0.6, - 0.6-6 mmHg), and the LES accommodation measurement of patients with idiopathic EGJOO (36.8, 29.5-44.3 mmHg) was significantly higher in comparison to those with normal HRM (23.8, 18-28.6 mmHg). Successful LES relaxation in wet swallowing can be achieved by LES accommodation in combination with swallow-induced LES relaxation. Impaired LES accommodation is characteristic of idiopathic EGJOO. In addition to the IRP value, the LES accommodation measurement may be useful for evaluating the LES relaxation function in clinical practice.CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing is effective in manipulating genetic loci in mammalian cell cultures and whole fish but efficient platforms applicable to fish cell lines are currently limited. CMC-Na cell line Our initial attempts to employ this technology in fish cell lines using heterologous promoters or a ribonucleoprotein approach failed to indicate genomic alteration at targeted sites in a tilapia brain cell line (OmB). For potential use in a DNA vector approach, endogenous tilapia beta Actin (OmBAct), EF1 alpha (OmEF1a), and U6 (TU6) promoters were isolated. The strongest candidate promoter determined by EGFP reporter assay, OmEF1a, was used to drive constitutive Cas9 expression in a modified OmB cell line (Cas9-OmB1). Cas9-OmB1 cell transfection with vectors expressing gRNAs driven by the TU6 promoter achieved mutational efficiencies as high as 81% following hygromycin selection. Mutations were not detected using human and zebrafish U6 promoters demonstrating the phylogenetic proximity of U6 promoters as critical when used for gRNA expression. Sequence alteration to TU6 improved mutation rate and cloning efficiency. In conclusion, we report new tools for ectopic expression and a highly efficient, economical system for manipulation of genomic loci and evaluation of their causal relationship with adaptive cellular phenotypes by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in fish cells.To date, an overwhelming number of preclinical studies have addressed acute treatment in mild TBI (mTBI) and repetitive mTBI (r-mTBI), whereas, in humans, there often exists a significant time gap between the injury and the first medical intervention. Our study focused on a delayed treatment with anatabine, an anti-inflammatory compound, in hTau mice using two different models of r-mTBI. The rationale for using two models of the same impact but different frequencies (5 hit mTBI over 9 days and 24 hit mTBI over 90 days) was chosen to address the heterogeneity of r-mTBI in clinical population. Following the last injury in each model, three months elapsed before the initiation of treatment. Anatabine was administered in drinking water for 3 months thereafter. Our data demonstrated that a 3-month delayed treatment with anatabine mitigated astrogliosis in both TBI paradigms but improved cognitive functions only in more-frequently-injured mice (24 hit mTBI). We also found that anatabine decreased the phosphorylation of tau protein and NFκB, which were increased after r-mTBI in both models. The ability of anatabine to suppress these mechanisms suggests that delayed treatment can be effective for clinical population of r-mTBI. The discrepancy between the two models with regard to changes in cognitive performance suggests that r-mTBI heterogeneity may influence treatment efficiency and should be considered in therapeutic development.In the complex process of homeostasis of phytohormones cytokinins (CKs), O-glucosylation catalyzed by specific O-glucosyltransferases represents one of important mechanisms of their reversible inactivation. The CK O-glucosyltransferases belong to a highly divergent and polyphyletic multigene superfamily of glycosyltransferases, of which subfamily 1 containing UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) is the largest in the plant kingdom. It contains recently discovered O and P subfamilies present in higher plant species but not in Arabidopsis thaliana. The cis-zeatin O-glucosyltransferase (cisZOG) genes belong to the O subfamily encoding a stereo-specific O-glucosylation of cis-zeatin-type CKs. We studied different homologous genes, their domains and motifs, and performed a phylogenetic reconstruction to elucidate the plant evolution of the cisZOG gene. We found that the cisZOG homologs do not form a clear separate clade, indicating that diversification of the cisZOG gene took place after the diversification of the main angiosperm families, probably within genera or closely related groups.
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