Notes

[Often not really considered throughout Professional viewpoint: People soon after injuries or perhaps noise traumata * A new patient-focused, contrasting perspective].
79%). For dermatophytes, 1.42% (3/211) of patients showed positive results, whereas 0% (0/23) healthy individuals showed positive results.
species were identified in 20.85% (44/211) and 8.70% (2/23) in patients and healthy individuals, respectively.
restricta was the most frequently identified species in the AD patient group, and the only species found in the healthy control group.

The distribution of
spp., dermatophytes, and
spp. are altered with AD development.
The distribution of Candida spp., dermatophytes, and Malassezia spp. are altered with AD development.
Ultraviolet radiation causes skin damage due to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory intermediates and direct attack of DNA of skin cells. Astaxanthin is a reddish pigment that belongs to a group of chemicals called carotenoids and has protective effects as an antioxidant.

To determine the beneficial effects of astaxanthin on damaged human skin after exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) were pre-treated with astaxanthin for 24 hours and exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. After 24 hours, the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay measured cell viability, ROS assay and flow cytometry analysis assessed apoptosis, and western blotting was performed to determine expression of apoptosis-related proteins.

Astaxanthin significantly inhibited UVB-induced NHEKs cytotoxicity. Pretreatment of NHEKs with astaxanthin reduced UVB-induced ROS production. Astaxanthin caused significant inhibition of UVB-induced apoptosis, as evidenced by flow cytometry analysis and western blotting.

These results suggest that astaxanthine has a beneficial effect of reducing damage caused by UVB by effectively inhibiting cell death and reducing ROS production in keratinocytes.
These results suggest that astaxanthine has a beneficial effect of reducing damage caused by UVB by effectively inhibiting cell death and reducing ROS production in keratinocytes.
Ginseng has been used in Korea for a long time as a restorative herbal medicine. Black ginseng (BG) is made from red or white ginseng by multiple steamy and dry processes. Although BG has been reported to have anti-inflammatory potential, studies on its influence on inflammatory skin disorders are lacking.

To investigate the effects of BG under the inflammatory conditions of cultured sebocytes and outer root sheath (ORS) cells.

The cultured cells were treated with 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide, 5 µg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or 5 µg/ml LPS+50 µg/ml BG for 6 hours and 24 hours. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining and Nile red staining were performed for analysis of inflammatory biomarkers and sebum-related biomarkers.

BG brought out the increased gene and protein expression of inflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α, in the LPS-treated sebocytes and ORS cells. In addition, BG induced increased expression of TLR4, p-c-jun, p-JNK and p-iκB in LPS-treated sebocytes and ORS cells. Furthermore, it significantly increased the expression of LL-37 and the production of sebum in LPS-treated sebocytes.

It may be possible for BG to increase the expression of inflammatory biomarkers in inflammatory skin disorders, such as acne.
It may be possible for BG to increase the expression of inflammatory biomarkers in inflammatory skin disorders, such as acne.Olfactory receptors are chemosensory receptors that detect odorants and function in the initial perception of a smell. Intriguingly, olfactory receptors are also expressed in cells other than olfaction sensory cells, an expression pattern termed ectopic expression. Ectopically expressed olfactory receptors have a distinct role depending on the type of tissues or cells in which they are expressed. This review introduces current research on the ectopic expression and function of olfactory receptors in skin and provides insight into directions for future research.
In South Korea, there have been few nationwide epidemiologic studies about premalignant actinic keratosis (AK), squamous cell carcinoma
(Bowen's disease), nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), malignant melanoma of the skin (MM), Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), connective and soft tissue cancers, or mycosis fungoides (MF).

Using a nationwide population-based study, we attempted to measure the incidence and the prevalence of the above-mentioned tumors in South Korea.

The database we used included all claims in the Korean National Health Insurance program and the Korean Medical Aid program from 2008 to 2016. The International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) was used to record diagnoses in this database. This data included AK, Bowen's disease, NMSC, MM, KS, connective and soft tissue cancers, and MF.

The age-standardized incidence and prevalence rate of AK, Bowen's disease, NMSC, MM, KS, connective and soft tissue cancers, as well as MF increased during the periods we investigated. The incidence and prevalence rate of AK and NMSC have increased two- to three-fold. In the case of Bowen's disease, MM, KS, connective and soft tissue cancers, or MF, we observed no significant tendency in age-standardized incidence or prevalence.

We confirmed that the age-standardized incidence and prevalence rates of NMSC and AK tended to increase. These results might contribute to developing preventive and therapeutic strategies for skin cancers and may become a source for further studies.
We confirmed that the age-standardized incidence and prevalence rates of NMSC and AK tended to increase. These results might contribute to developing preventive and therapeutic strategies for skin cancers and may become a source for further studies.[This retracts the article on p. 479 in vol. 29, PMID 28761298.].Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and lethal lung disease characterized by progressive dyspnea and irreversible loss of lung function. Pirfenidone is a novel anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory drug, which reduces deterioration in the lung function and prolongs progression-free survival in patients with IPF. However, it has adverse effects including gastrointestinal symptoms, hepatic dysfunction or skin photosensitivity, and rash. Lichenoid drug eruption (LDE) refers to lichen planus-like drug eruption usually presenting symmetric eczematous plaques with a purple hue. To date, numerous cases of LDE due to various drugs and pirfenidone-associated photosensitivity have been reported. However, a case of pirfenidone-induced LDE has been very rarely reported to our knowledge. Herein, is a case of pirfenidone-induced LDE so that clinicians can be aware of the possibility of LDE when using pirfenidone.
Airborne particulate matter (PM), a widespread air contaminant, is a complex mixture of solids and aerosols composed of particles suspended in the air. PM is associated with inflammatory responses and may worsen inflammatory skin diseases. However, the mechanisms through which PM affects atopic dermatitis (AD) remain unclear.

To establish an
model that more accurately mimics AD using human keratinocyte (HaCaT), dermal fibroblast (HDF), and mast cell (HMC-1) and using this model to investigate the mechanism through which PMs affect AD.

An AD-like
model was established by seeding HaCaT, HDF, and HMC-1 cells with recombinant human interleukin (IL)-1α and polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid. We confirmed the effect of PM on the inflammatory cytokine expression of a triple-cell culture model. SRM 1649b Urban Dust, which is mainly composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, was used as the reference PM. The effects of PM on the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines and skin barrier markers were assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Inflammatory cytokine levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Interactions between various skin cell types were evaluated using a co-culture system. PM treatment increased mRNA and protein levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1α, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-4, and IL-1β and decreased the expression of the skin barrier markers filaggrin and loricrin.

Our results suggest that an
triple-cell culture model using HaCaT, HDF, and HMC-1 cells may be reliable for obtaining more physiological, functional, and reproducible data on AD and skin barriers.
Our results suggest that an in vitro triple-cell culture model using HaCaT, HDF, and HMC-1 cells may be reliable for obtaining more physiological, functional, and reproducible data on AD and skin barriers.Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by distinctive craniofacial features, skeletal abnormalities and short stature; it is classified into three subtypes according to genetics and clinical manifestations. We report a Han Chinese family with 2 TRPS type III patients, the proband and his mother, with typical clinical presentation. There were also 3 ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients in this family, the proband's mother and 2 uncles. A missense mutation, c.2762G>A (p.Arg921Gln), in the transcriptional repressor GATA binding 1 (TRPS1) gene was detected in the proband and his mother. The association between TRPS and AS and the diagnostic criteria for TRPS are discussed.
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are often associated with other ligamentous injuries. The side-to-side difference in heel height can represent a valuable diagnostic tool in the setting of multiligamentous injuries.

To assess in a cadaveric model how sequential sectioning of the static stabilizing structures of the knee (ACL, fibular collateral ligament [FCL], popliteus tendon [PLT], popliteofibular ligament [PFL], and medial collateral ligament [MCL]) influences heel-height measurements when comparing groups undergoing initial transection of the ACL versus FCL and to assess posterior tibial slope after sequential sectioning.

Controlled laboratory study.

A total of 16 fresh cadaveric knees were carefully dissected to expose the ACL, FCL, PLT, PFL, and MCL. Each knee was randomized to either the ACL-first or FCL-first group based on the initial structure sectioned. The sectioning order was as follows (1) ACL or FCL, (2) FCL or ACL, (3) PLT, (4) PFL, and (5) MCL. Heel height was measured with a stincreasing mean heel-height measurements (2.85, 3.72, and 4.73 cm, respectively) compared to the intact state. Tibial slope was not found to influence increases in heel height.

The side-to-side difference in heel height may be a clinically relevant examination tool for diagnosing multiligament knee injuries.
The side-to-side difference in heel height may be a clinically relevant examination tool for diagnosing multiligament knee injuries.[This corrects the article DOI 10.1177/21514593211029102.].
The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for the incidence of frailty in patients with distal radius fractures (DRFs).

In total, 116 patients (mean age, 66.3 ± 7.7years) with DRFs were recruited. The participants were categorized into two groups, "frail" and "non-frail," according to the presence or absence of frailty, respectively. The areal bone mineral densities (aBMDs) of the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. HOIPIN-8 The participants' levels of resilience, depression, anxiety, nutritional intake, oral health-related quality of life, and social support were evaluated by self-reported questionnaires. The participants' grip strength, gait speed, number of teeth present in their oral cavities, circumference of their upper arms and calves, and serum levels of vitamin D were also assessed.

The participants in the "frail" group seemed to have lower aBMDs and muscle function and mass than those in the "non-frail" group. There were significant differences in grip strength, calf circumference, gait speed, and aBMD of the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine between the groups.
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