Notes

Sequential Addition of Amines to Nitrile as well as Carbon-Carbon Several Connection: The Option to 7-Amino-5H-dibenzo[c,e]azepines.
Riparian ecosystem services along higher-order streams and connected tributaries may change over time as disturbances continuously increase, resulting in diverse deterioration of buffer zones. How habitat, plant cover, regeneration, erosion, and exotic parameters (riparian health conditions) change within huge dams and reservoirs worldwide is an unanswered question. We used multivariate statistical techniques to assess changes in riparian health parameters affected by disturbances identified in 304 transects within the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir, China, and associated tributaries. Kruskal-Wallis tests (p less then 0.01) revealed high diversity in habitat, plant cover, regeneration, erosion, and overall stream condition. There was also notable variance relating to exotic and pressure parameters. The critical variables of riparian health indicators and stress factors identified by principal component analysis explained 58.40% and 74.6% (in the main waterway) and 53.23% and 71.0% (in the tributaries) of the total variance. Among riparian health indicators, one habitat parameter (riparian vegetation width) in the main waterway and one regeneration parameter (tree size classes) in tributaries contributed greatly, along with other specified parameters. Furthermore, stress factors such as farming systems, land-use types, and pollutant activity variables had the highest impact on these water bodies. In comparison, counting stress factors alone showed more deterioration in the main waterway with a range of (r = -0.527- 0.493), as determined using Pearson correlation (p less then 0.05). Furthermore, after indexing, the parameters exhibited weaker coefficient values in tributaries, where exotic correlated negatively with other indexed values. These findings are relevant for managers of massive dam and reservoir ecosystems seeking to mitigate environmental and socioeconomic losses.Iron (Fe) is a micronutrient and plays an important role in regulating ocean primary production and consequently changing oceanic CO2 uptake. However, approaches for high-resolution of Fe records in marine environment has been a great challenge. In this study, we report for the first time an annual Fe record on black coral organic skeleton from the northern South China Sea (SCS) as an archive to study the environmental change during the past century. In situ micro-Raman, synchrotron micro X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (μ-XANES) and synchrotron micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) were applied to investigate the Fe speciation and the radial Fe profile in black coral. The preliminary results from micro-Raman and synchrotron micro XANES analysis demonstrated that Fe in black coral was mainly combined with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) as tris-DOPA-Fe complex. Such spatial coordination structure of complexation makes Fe have high affinity with dopa in black coral. Furthermore, elevated Fe concentration in Fe profile recorded on synchrotron μ-XRF spectra with 2.5 μm resolution corresponded well to the exploitation history of the adjacent onshore Tiandu Iron Mine (Sanya, China) from 1939 to 1960. Other distinct Fe peak coincides with the war activities in 1970s. The findings presented in this work indicate that the high-resolution iron record with low annual growth rate (~17.8 μm year-1) of black coral may serve as a proxy of marine environmental record.Sources contributing to specific concentration of microplastics and fibers are still not completely understood. This study aimed at assessing the concentrations of microplastics (2-5000 μm) and fibers (18-5667 μm) in three areas of distinct influences in the Douro river, Porto, Portugal (i) a countryside area; (ii) a wastewater treatment effluent release zone; and (iii) an area in proximity to a boat dock and maintenance station. Nile Red staining coupled with microscopy allowed the identification of small microplastics (≥2 μm) with a median concentration of the three areas of 231 MP L-1. Most were fragments (69%). Sizes less then 40 μm were the most abundant (84%). Highest concentrations of microplastics were found near the boat dock/maintenance and lowest in the countryside area. Fibers were mostly natural (non-synthetic, 63%). Highest concentrations of fibers were found in the area influenced by the wastewater effluent, especially of synthetic fibers, and lowest in the countryside area. Concentration of all fibers and synthetic fibers was 46 F L-1 and 6 F L-1, respectively. learn more High concentrations of microplastics and fiber contamination suggest that the wastewater treatment plant effluent and boat dock/maintenance are the likely sources originating hotspot areas.The impact of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) on the environment and on human health was assessed by a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. Even if risk assessment and epidemiologic analyses are specifically indicated for the investigation of the health outcomes, they resulted costly, time intensive and generally focused only on the effects caused by pollutant compounds directly emitted by the facility. Differently, LCA approaches are less time and cost intensive and able to account also for other indirect and direct emission of MSWI. However, results returned by LCA are based on average pollutant diffusion and individual exposure models limiting their representativeness for the specific context investigated. Furthermore, LCA is not able to return information about the final health outcomes caused by the pollutants emitted. The LCA performed for the Italian MSWI detected avoided impacts of about -0.11 kgPM2,5eq/tonne of MSW and of about -2.5 × 10-3 kgSbeq/tonne MSW for particulate matters and resousessment of MSWI in combination with epidemiologic approaches.Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) that simultaneously remove organic contaminants and recovering metals provide a potential route for industry to adopt clean technologies. In this work, two goals were set to study the feasibility of zinc removal from industrial effluents using MFCs and to understand the removal process by using reaction rate models. The removal of Zn2+ in MFC was over 96% for synthetic and industrial samples with initial Zn2+ concentrations less than 2.0 mM after 22 h of operation. However, only 83 and 42% of the zinc recovered from synthetic and industrial samples, respectively, was attached on the cathode surface of the MFCs. The results marked the domination of electroprecipitation rather than the electrodeposition process in the industrial samples. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed that the recovered compound contained not only Zn but also O, evidence that Zn(OH)2 could be formed. The removal of Zn2+ in the MFC followed a mechanism where oxygen was reduced to hydroxide before reacting with Zn2+. Nernst equations and rate law expressions were derived to understand the mechanism and used to estimate the Zn2+ concentration and removal efficiency. The zero-, first- and second-order rate equations successfully fitted the data, predicted the final Zn2+ removal efficiency, and suggested that possible mechanistic reactions occurred in the electrolysis cell (direct reduction), MFC (O2 reduction), and control (chemisorption) modes. The half-life, t1/2, of the Zn2+ removal reaction using synthetic and industrial samples was estimated to be 7.0 and 2.7 h, respectively. The t1/2 values of the controls (without the power input from the MFC bioanode) were much slower and were recorded as 21.5 and 7.3 h for synthetic and industrial samples, respectively. The study suggests that MFCs can act as a sustainable and environmentally friendly technology for heavy metal removal without electrical energy input or the addition of chemicals.Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (N) play essential roles in global C and N cycles. To address the possible role of DOC and N in precipitation and enrich the related global database, the characteristics of DOC and N in precipitation were investigated in a typical remote permafrost region (upper Heihe River Basin) of the northern Tibetan Plateau (TP) from February 2019 to March 2020. The results demonstrated that the average DOC and total dissolved N (TDN) concentrations in the precipitation were 1.41 ± 1.09 μg mL-1 and 0.84 ± 0.48 μg mL-1, respectively, with relatively lower concentrations in the summer. The annual DOC and TDN fluxes were estimated to be 6.42 kg ha-1 yr-1 and 3.39 kg ha-1 yr-1, respectively, indicating that precipitation was a significant factor in C and N deposition. The light-absorbing properties of precipitation DOC from the SUVA254 and spectral slope revealed that precipitation DOC containing more aromatic components and lower molecular weights mostly was present during the summer; the mass cross-section (at the wavelength of 365 nm) ranged 0.26-1.84 m2 g-1, suggesting the potential impact of DOC on climatic forcing in the area. The principal component analysis combined with air mass backward trajectories indicated that the air masses from west Siberia, Central Asia, and northwestern China most significantly influenced the precipitation C and N in the study area. The WRF-Chem simulations and aerosol vertical distributions further illustrated the air mass transport pathways, demonstrating that dust and anthropogenic emissions could be transported over the studied area by westerlies and monsoonal winds. In the study basin, the precipitation deposition of DOC and N contributed largely to the riverine DOC and N exportation during the summer and had potential ecological effects. These results highlight the importance of DOC and N deposition from precipitation in the northern TP.The implementation of environmental monitoring programs in areas under anthropogenic pressure is essential to investigate the processes that generate and maintain biodiversity in ecosystems and to establish the most appropriate conservation strategies according to the area. We investigated whether environmental variables or temporal scale influenced zooplankton spatial diversity and beta diversity components in the Madeira River basin (Amazon tributary, Rondônia state, Brazil) from 2009 to 2015. We also investigated the local site contribution to overall beta diversity (LCBD) and to each of its components, to be able to propose conservation strategies more suitable for the river basin. Alpha diversity values decreased over time, while total beta diversity and the abundance difference component increased. A pattern of abundance difference (Podani family) dominated spatial beta diversity within the major sampling campaigns (at each time point). Environmental variables and heterogeneity, temporal scale (sampling campaigns), and also the dam installation contributed to variation in spatial beta diversity and its components. On the other hand, the flood pulse did not influence spatial beta diversity over time. Few sites contributed significantly to beta diversity prior dam installation, but most sites contributed significantly to beta diversity values at least at one point in time, in the post-dam phase. Thus, post-damming, all sites should continue to be monitored for conservation and restoration of zooplankton communities and biodiversity preservation, as changes are likely to still occur. Analysis of beta diversity, its components, and LCBD, are useful and efficient methods to study spatio-temporal changes in communities and identify critical sites. Impoundment and environmental variation significantly affect zooplankton community beta diversity, dependent on underlying mechanisms such as substitution or abundance differences that diversify communities spatially and temporally.
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