Notes

Phi 6 recuperation from inoculated fingerpads according to elution barrier and technique.
In group 4, intestinal epithelial NPT-2b and Pit-1 protein expression was significantly decreased, whereas in groups 2 and 3, no significant changes were found.

A high PTH level decreases the protein expression of NPT-2b and Pit-1 in the intestinal mucosa.
A high PTH level decreases the protein expression of NPT-2b and Pit-1 in the intestinal mucosa.
Uremic pruritus (UP) is one of the major complaints in hemodialysis patients without specific treatment. Considering the antipruritic effect of melatonin in atopic dermatitis (AD) and similarities in mechanism between pruritus in AD and UP, this randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the antipruritic effect of melatonin on hemodialysis patients with UP.

This multicenter double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted among the hemodialysis patients with UP. Adult patients were randomly assigned to receive two capsules of melatonin 5 mg /d for a 2 weeks period, undergoing a 1 week washout period, and then two capsules of placebo for another 2 weeks period, or the reverse sequence. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), % affected Body Surface Area (%BSA) and 12-Pruritus Severity Scale questionnaire (12-PSS) were measured before and after each of the three periods. A crossover analysis of variance adjusted by treatment, period and carryover effect was performed by STATA 14.

Thirty-nine patients under hemodialysis (mean age of 55.08 ± 12.34 years) completed the study. Mean changes in VAS, 12-PSS, and %BSA after the interventions (melatonin vs. placebo, mean ± SD) were as follows, respectively -3.21 ± 3.33 vs. -1.38 ± 2.23, -4.59 ± 5.22 vs. -2.08 ± 4.35, and -19.10 ± 30.31 vs. 4.64 ± 29.11 (P < .05). However, the statistical significance of the treatment effect from melatonin was observed, carryover and period effects were not significant (P > .05) for any of the main variables.

Based on to the preliminary results of this study, melatonin can be introduced as an effective drug for management of pruritus in uremic patients.
Based on to the preliminary results of this study, melatonin can be introduced as an effective drug for management of pruritus in uremic patients.
Dysregulated vitamin D metabolism is one of the most important issues in chronic kidney disease- mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) receive large amounts of calcitriol, i.e., 1,25 -dihydroxy vitamin D [1-25(OH)2D], for suppression of parathyroid hormone (PTH). The aim of this study was to evaluate the 1-25(OH)2D status in maintenance hemodialysis patients and its correlation with 25(OH) D level and calcitriol consumption and to determine whether the usual practice of administrating large amounts of calcitriol for suppression of PTH may lead to toxic serum levels.

One hundred and fifty-six maintenance hemodialysis patients were enrolled. Demographic data, comorbid conditions and history of medication use (cumulative and current doses) were retrieved from Hemodialysis Data Processor Software previously designed for our center. Predialysis serum samples were measured for serum levels of 25(OH)D and 1-25(OH)2D accompanying by markers of mineral bone metabolism acontinued, though we are not yet aware of the 1,25(OH)2D status at the cellular levels.
Data on the effects of melatonin administration on metabolic parameters in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) is limited and controversial. This study was performed to analyze the effects of melatonin administration on metabolic status in patients with DN.

This randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed on 60 patients with DN. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups to take either 10 mg/d of melatonin (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and 12 weeks after intervention to quantify metabolic parameters.

Melatonin administration significantly reduced plasma fasting glucose (β = -10.64 mg/dL; 95% CI -20.37 to -0.90; P < .05), insulin (β = -2.37 μIU/mL, 95% CI -3.33 to -1.41; P < .001), insulin resistance (β = -0.67, 95% CI -0.98 to -0.35; P < .001), significantly increased insulin sensitivity (β = 0.01, 95% CI 0.006 to 0.01; P < .05), and plasma HDL-cholesterol levels (β = 2.75 mg/dL, 95% CI 0.75 to 4.75; P < .05) when compared with the placebo. Melatonin also caused a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (β = 140.45 mmol/L; 95% CI 80.48 to 200.41; P < .001), and glutathione (GSH) levels (β = 50.36 μmol/L, 95% CI 94.08 to 0.02; P < .05) when compared with placebo. Ultimately, melatonin could upregulate gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) (P < .05) in comparison with placebo.

Results of this study indicated that melatonin administration for 12 weeks in DN patients had beneficial effects on glycemic control, HDL-cholesterol, TAC and GSH levels, and gene expression of PPAR-γ, but did not affect other metabolic parameters.
Results of this study indicated that melatonin administration for 12 weeks in DN patients had beneficial effects on glycemic control, HDL-cholesterol, TAC and GSH levels, and gene expression of PPAR-γ, but did not affect other metabolic parameters.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is of high clinical importance due to cost of outcomes such as kidney transplantation. However, CKD is an overlooked disorder among commercial drivers. The present study aimed to evaluate hypertension and Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) among commercial drivers.

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 903 commercial drivers referred for obtaining their health license were recruited. After obtaining informed consent, a questionnaire consisted of demographic characteristics was completed. Blood pressure, level of lipid profile, blood sugar, blood urea nitrogen, and plasma creatinine were measured. Chi-square and independent T-test were used for data analysis.

All participants were male. The mean ( ± SD) age and Body mass index were 42 ± (10) years and 27 ± (4) kg/m2, respectively. Of 903 studied cases 40 (4%) had GFR < 60. PF-04418948 Increased age and high blood pressure had a significant association with reduced GFR (P < .0001). The ones with sleep apnea were more likely to have GFR < 60, however, the association was not statistically significant after adjusting for related risk factors.

Older age and hypertension are considered as risk factors for CKD among commercial drivers. Obstructive sleep apnea also should be kept in mind as a possible risk factor that requires further elucidation and management.
Older age and hypertension are considered as risk factors for CKD among commercial drivers. link2 Obstructive sleep apnea also should be kept in mind as a possible risk factor that requires further elucidation and management.
Dyslipidemia is a common metabolic abnormality in Type 2 diabetic Mellitus (T2DM) patients with kidney dysfunction. Therefore, the current study was conducted to assess the association between serum lipid levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in T2DM patients.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 802 participants, aged 40 years or more who had referred to the Abu Reyhan Clinic of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital in Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan province, Iran. Biochemical variables including FBS, triglycerides, total cholestrol, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels were measured using the enzymatic method. The association between serum lipid profile and eGFR was assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient test and linear regression model.

Mean ± SD age of the subjects (72.3% females) was 53.55 ± 5.56 years old. Mean ± SD of eGFR-EPI and eGFR-MDRD was 86.30 ± 17.48 and 86.80 ± 23.29, respectively for all the subjects. In the current study, a negative association was observed between eGFR-EPI and FBS (r = -0.123, β = -0.172) and TGs (r = -0.080, β = -0.096) (P < .01). Also, there was an inverse association between the eGFR-MDRD and FBS (r = -0.123, β = -0.172) and TGs levels (r = -0.074, β = -0.086) (P < .05). However, the concentration of other lipid profiles was not associated with the eGFR level (estimated by EPI and MDRD methods).

Our findings suggested that the patients with reduced eGFR level are more likely to have greater TG serum level. Therefore, high TG levels can be considered as a potential biomarker for predicting renal complications in the patients with T2DM.
Our findings suggested that the patients with reduced eGFR level are more likely to have greater TG serum level. Therefore, high TG levels can be considered as a potential biomarker for predicting renal complications in the patients with T2DM.Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), declared as a pandemic has affected millions of people and caused unprecedented number of death. The disease is caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronaviruses-2 virus which enters cells by binding with the host angiotensin converting enzyme-2 and CD147 protein. Among COVID-19 patients admitted to a hospital, hypertension, diabetes and obesity are the most common co-morbidities. link3 A majority of COVID-19 hospitalized patients are found to have proteinuria and hematuria which is associated with higher risk of in-hospital mortality. Studies have reported high incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) among COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital (10 to 43%) and intensive care unit (43-75%). These patients with AKI have much higher need for mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use and critical care. In addition, proportion of patients with AKI who require renal replacement (RRT) therapy is greatly increased. Acute tubular injury, cytokine storm induced systemic inflammatory response, endothelial injury and dysfunction are the main mechanisms of AKI. In addition, direct viral invasion of tubules, lymphocytic infiltration and complement mediated (C5b- 9) related injury is also seen. Mortality risk among patients with AKI and those in need of RRT is greatly amplified. Appropriate timing and choice of RRT for these patients is not well defined but will need to take in account the clinical condition, anticipation of their clinical course and availability of dialysis resources. Risk of AKI and death is also increased among kidney recipients and patients with chronic kidney disease.In comparison with other regions, dementia prevalence in Latin America is growing rapidly, along with the consequent clinical, social, and economic burden upon patients and their families. The combination of fragile health care systems, large social inequalities, and isolated clinical and research initiatives makes the coordination of efforts imperative. The Latin America and the Caribbean Consortium on Dementia (LAC-CD) is a regional organization overseeing and promoting clinical and research activities on dementia. Here, we first provide an overview of the consortium, highlighting the antecedents and current mission. Then, we present the consortium's regional research, including the multi-partner consortium to expand dementia research in Latin America (ReDLat), which aims to identify the unique genetic, social, and economic factors that drive Alzheimer's and frontotemporal dementia presentation in LAC relative to the US. We describe an extension of ReDLat which aims to develop affordable markers of disease subtype and severity using high density EEG.
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