Notes

Orientia tsutsugamushi dynamics within vectors and hosts: ecology and also risks for foci involving wash typhus transmitting in n . Bangkok.
Modal and intermediate water masses in the Argentine Basin are very sensitive to carbon increases due low buffering capacity. The large rate of AAIW acidification is the synergic effect of carbon uptake combined with deoxygenation and increased remineralization of organic matter. If CO2 emissions follows the path of business-as-usual emissions (SSP 5.85), SACW would become undersaturated with respect to aragonite at the end of the century. The undersaturation in AAIW is virtually unavoidable.Estimating the influence of dust aerosol on clouds, especially deep convective clouds which is closely related to heavy precipitation, still has large uncertainties due to the lack of adequate direct measurements. In this study, a typical dust storm along with thunderstorm (referred to dust-rain storm), occurred in Northwest India on May 2, 2018, was selected to explore the possible effects of dust aerosol on deep convective cloud by combining a series of satellite retrievals and reanalysis data. Results showed that dust aerosol and moisture were carried to Northwest India by southwesterly wind at 700 hPa and easterly wind along south foothill of Himalayas at 850 hPa, respectively, and then were lifted to upper level of the cloud by robust updraft induced by the deep convection and secondary circulation driven by the upper-level westerly jet. The injection of dust is likely to transfer supercooled water cloud into ice cloud as effective ice nuclei, hence increasing the cloud ice water path and cloud optical depth but decreasing ice particle radius in the cloud. The latent heat released by this phase-change process would enhance the deep convection and further cause heavy rainfall in northern India by drawing moisture from surrounding region. Although we cannot eliminate the effect of large-scale dynamics, this study highlighted the role of dust aerosol in invigorating the deep convective clouds as ice nuclei, providing observation evidence for the investigation of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interaction.Subarctic lakes are getting warmer and more productive due to the joint effects of climate change and intensive land-use practices (e.g. forest clear-cutting and peatland ditching), processes that potentially increase leaching of peat- and soil-stored mercury into lake ecosystems. We sampled biotic communities from primary producers (algae) to top consumers (piscivorous fish), in 19 subarctic lakes situated on a latitudinal (69.0-66.5° N), climatic (+3.2 °C temperature and +30% precipitation from north to south) and catchment land-use (pristine to intensive forestry areas) gradient. MLi-2 in vivo We first tested how the joint effects of climate and productivity influence mercury biomagnification in food webs focusing on the trophic magnification slope (TMS) and mercury baseline (THg baseline) level, both derived from linear regression between total mercury (log10THg) and organism trophic level (TL). We examined a suite of environmental and biotic variables thought to explain THg baseline and TMS with stepwise generalized mioaccumulation and biomagnification studies.The impact of Arctic Oscillation (AO) anomalies on winter PM2.5 variability in China was investigated using a numerical modeling system (WRF-CUACE). The model results showed that the influence of AO anomalies on winter PM2.5 concentration was mainly concentrated in eastern China, especially in Central China (CEN), Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and Pearl River Delta (PRD) and was mostly consistent with the conclusions of a previous analysis using haze data. Winter PM2.5 concentrations in CEN and BTH increased under abnormally high AO and decreased under abnormally low AO due to the subsequent changes in specific meteorological conditions, such as temperature, wind speed, and boundary layer height. Winter PM2.5 decreased in the YRD and PRD in both abnormally high and low AO years due to more favorable vertical transport conditions and regional transport capacity compared with those of other regions. In addition to meteorological factors, AO anomalies also impacted PM2.5 depositions in winter, with more apparent effects in southern China. It is found that AO had a larger impact on dry deposition than on wet deposition, and dry deposition was a dominant factor affecting PM2.5 concentrations in CEN.Studies focused only on surface water may underestimate microplastic abundance in aquatic environments. This was the first survey to investigate the vertical (surface, intermediate, and bottom waters) distribution and composition of microplastics (MPs) in the water columns and surface sediments collected from an urban seagoing river in northern China. Microplastic abundance in the water columns ranged from 5.6 to 31.4 items∙L-1 and from 2141 to 10,035 items∙kg-1 dry weight (dw) in the surface sediments. Polyethylene dominated throughout the water columns to the surface sediments, in which low- and high-density polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) were dominant in the water columns and surface sediments, respectively. The dominant shape of MPs was fibers/lines in both the water column and the surface sediment samples. Different from the estimations, the average abundance of MPs in the surface and intermediate waters was significantly lower (p less then 0.01) than that in the bottom water, which may be due to the resuspension of small-sized MPs in the bottom water. As the MPs size increased, their vertical distributions in the water columns were more affected by the water depth. The results showed that MPs were detained in the water columns of river system, and the high concentrations of MPs in the bottom water could not be neglected.High arsenic (As) concentrations in groundwater are a worldwide problem threatening the health of millions of people. Microbial processes are central in the (trans)formation of the As-bearing ferric and ferrous minerals, and thus regulate dissolved As levels in many aquifers. Mineralogy, microbiology and dissolved As levels can vary sharply within aquifers, making high-resolution measurements particularly valuable in understanding the linkages between them. We conducted a high spatial resolution geomicrobiological study in combination with analysis of sediment chemistry and mineralogy in an alluvial aquifer system affected by geogenic As in the Red River delta in Vietnam. Microbial community analysis revealed a dominance of fermenters, methanogens and methanotrophs whereas sediment mineralogy along a 46 m deep core showed a diversity of Fe minerals including poorly crystalline Fe (II/III) and Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides such as goethite, hematite, and magnetite, but also the presence of Fe(II)-bearing carbonates and sulfides which likely formed as a result of microbially driven organic carbon (OC) degradation. A potential important role of methane (CH4) as electron donor for reductive Fe mineral (trans)formation was supported by the high abundance of Candidatus Methanoperedens, a known Fe(III)-reducing methanotroph. Overall, these results imply that OC turnover including fermentation, methanogenesis and CH4 oxidation are important mechanisms leading to Fe mineral (trans)formation, dissolution and precipitation, and thus indirectly affecting As mobility by changing the Fe-mineral inventory.Studies investigating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-active compounds in the environment typically focus on non- and mid-polar substances, such as PAHs; while, information on polar AhR agonists remains limited. Here, we identified polar AhR agonists in sediments collected from the inland creeks of an industrialized area (Lake Sihwa, Korea) using effect-directed analysis combined with full-scan screening analysis (FSA; using LC-QTOFMS). Strong AhR-mediated potencies were observed for the polar and latter fractions of RP-HPLC (F3.5-F3.8) from sediment organic extracts in the H4IIE-luc in vitro bioassays. FSA was performed on the corresponding fractions. Twenty-eight tentative AhR agonists were chosen using a five-step process. Toxicological confirmation using bioassay revealed that canrenone, rutaecarpine, ciprofloxacin, mepanipyrim, genistein, protopine, hydrocortisone, and medroxyprogesterone were significantly active. The relative potencies of these AhR-active compounds compared to that of benzo[a]pyrene ranged from 0.00002 to 2.0. Potency balance analysis showed that polar AhR agonists explained, on average, ~6% of total AhR-mediated potencies in samples. Some novel polar AhR agonists also exhibited endocrine-disrupting potentials capable of binding to estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors, as identified by QSAR modeling. In conclusion, the focused studies on distributions, sources, fate, and ecotoxicological effects of novel polar AhR agonists in the environment are necessary.Exposure of aquatic organisms to antidepressants is currently well documented, while little information is available on how wild organisms cope with exposure to these pharmaceutical products. Studies on antidepressant metabolism in exposed organisms could generate information on their detoxification pathways and pharmacokinetics. The goal of this study was to enhance knowledge on the metabolism of venlafaxine (VEN)-an antidepressant frequently found in aquatic ecosystems-in Mytilus galloprovincialis, a bivalve that is present worldwide. An original tissue extraction technique based on the cationic properties of VEN was developed for further analysis of VEN and its metabolites using targeted and non-targeted approaches. This extraction method was assessed in terms of recovery and matrix effects for VEN metabolites. Commercial analytical standards were applied to characterize metabolites found in mussels exposed to 10 μg/L VEN for 3 and 7 days. Targeted and non-targeted approaches using liquid chromatography (LC) combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) were implemented to screen for expected metabolites based on the literature on aquatic species, and for metabolites not previously documented. Four venlafaxine metabolites were identified, namely N-desmethylvenlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine, which were clearly identified using analytical standards, and two other metabolites revealed by non-target analysis. According to the signal intensity, hydroxy-venlafaxine (OH-VEN) was the predominant metabolite detected in mussels exposed for 3 and 7 days.This study focused upon the estimation and analysis of terrestrial water storage (TWS changes) across the Canadian landscape. The estimation was performed using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data from April 2002 to June 2017, and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) observations from June 2018 to December 2019. Removing the gravity effects of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) signals and leakage is required to have realistic estimations of TWS changes in the Canadian landmass. In this study, GIA correction was based on a regional-scale modeling of uplift rate. To evaluate the performance compared to the latest GIA models, a comparison was made to uplift rate derived from 149 GPS stations over the study area. Refined TWS changes showed strong seasonal patterns (between -160 mm and 80 mm). The slope of the trend was positive (6.6 mm/year) for the period combining both GRACE and GRACE-FO. The trend increases to 45 mm/year over the 17-year period across central Canada, especially in regions surrounding Hudson Bay.
Homepage: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mli-2.html