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We recently identified the adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP)-ribosyltransferase-1 (ART1) as a novel immune checkpoint expressed by cancer cells. ART1 utilizes free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to mono-ADP-ribosylate (MARylate) the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) on CD8 T cells, resulting in NAD-induced cell death (NICD) and tumor immune resistance. This process is blocked by therapeutic antibody targeting of ART1.A sampling system for measuring emissions of nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) from aircraft gas turbine engines has been developed to replace the use of smoke number and is used for international regulatory purposes. This sampling system can be up to 35 m in length. The sampling system length in addition to the volatile particle remover (VPR) and other sampling system components lead to substantial particle losses, which are a function of the particle size distribution, ranging from 50 to 90% for particle number concentrations and 10-50% for particle mass concentrations. The particle size distribution is dependent on engine technology, operating point, and fuel composition. Any nvPM emissions measurement bias caused by the sampling system will lead to unrepresentative emissions measurements which limit the method as a universal metric. Hence, a method to estimate size dependent sampling system losses using the system parameters and the measured mass and number concentrations was also developed (SAE 2017; SAE 2019). An assessment of the particle losses in two principal components used in ARP6481 (SAE 2019) was conducted during the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) 2 campaign. Measurements were made on the 25-meter sample line portion of the system using multiple, well characterized particle sizing instruments to obtain the penetration efficiencies. An agreement of ± 15% was obtained between the measured and the ARP6481 method penetrations for the 25-meter sample line portion of the system. selleck chemicals Measurements of VPR penetration efficiency were also made to verify its performance for aviation nvPM number. The research also demonstrated the difficulty of making system loss measurements and substantiates the E-31 decision to predict rather than measure system losses.This article examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ride-hailing drivers in Africa. It argues that though ride-hailing offers paid-work to some African workers, the commodified and informalised nature of this work results in poor job quality. The effects of which are greatly amplified during the pandemic. Drawing on a mixed methods approach in-depth interviews with ride-hailing drivers in Nairobi and digital ethnography, it also provides a narrative of 'hustle' to outline strategies of resilience, reworking, and resistance among informal workers. It concludes by highlighting the need for adequate regulatory frameworks and on-the-ground solidarity networks to ensure decent working conditions and to push back against precarity in the gig economy.The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted gender inequalities, increasing the amount of unpaid care weighing on women and girls, and the vulnerabilities faced by paid care workers, often women working informally. Using a global database on social protection responses to COVID-19 that focuses on social assistance, social insurance and labour market programmes, this article considers whether and how these responses have integrated care considerations. Findings indicate that, although many responses addressed at least one aspect of care (paid or unpaid), very few countries have addressed both types of care, prompting a discussion of the implications of current policy responses to COVID-19 (and beyond) through a care lens.Introduction  External auditory canal cholesteatoma (EACC) is often misdiagnosed. Objectives  To outline the clinical presentation of EACC, and to describe its radiological findings on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the temporal bone. Methods  The clinical records of all patients diagnosed with EACC from April 2017 to March 2020 in a tertiary care center were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical presentation, the findings on the HRCT of the temporal bone, and the treatment provided were analyzed. Results  A total of 9 patients, 7 males and 2 females, with a mean age of 30 years, were diagnosed with primary EACC. Six patients presented with otorrhoea, three, with otalgia, three. with hearing loss, and one with facial palsy. Some patients had multiple symptoms. The most common findings on otomicroscopy were destruction of the posterior and inferior canal walls, with cholesteatoma and intact tympanic membrane (six patients). Two patients had aural polyp, and one had a narrow ear canal due to sagging of the posterior canal wall. On HRCT, all nine patients showed soft-tissue density in the external auditory canal with erosion of the canal wall. The disease extended to the mastoid in eight cases, and to the cavity of the middle ear in one. There were three cases of dehiscence of the facial canal. Dehiscence of the dural and sinus plates was observed in two cases each. Eight patients underwent mastoidectomy, and one underwent debridement with canalplasty. Conclusion  Review of the clinical and radiological findings is essential to reduce the rate of misdiagnosis.Introduction  Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease associated with a rise in the level of blood glucose. Individuals with diabetes mellitus are more likely to develop hearing loss, tinnitus, and dizziness due to macro- and microvascular complications. The extent to which auditory and vestibular functions are impaired in individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus is still under debate. Objective  To systematically review studies focusing on auditory and vestibular functions in individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Data Synthesis  A search was conducted in the PubMed, MedlinePlus, Ingenta Connect and Google Scholar databases for articles published until June 2019. A total of 15,980 articles were primarily retrieved, 33 of which were shortlisted based on the inclusion criteria set by the investigators for the systematic review. Out of 33 full-length articles, 26 evaluated the functioning of the auditory system, while 7 evaluated the functioning of the vestibular system. Most studies related to auditory functioning reported a significant effect of type-2 diabetes mellitus on the peripheral auditory system, whereas studies on vestibular functioning reported no significant effect of diabetes mellitus on the functioning of the peripheral vestibular end-organ. Conclusion  Overall, the results of various audiological and peripheral vestibular tests reveal distinctive peripheral and/or central auditory and vestibular end-organ impairments in individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus.Introduction  In the current era, the major indication for septoplasty is nasal obstruction due to deviated nasal septum (DNS). Even though septoplasty is a commonly performed surgery, its effectiveness in relieving nasal obstruction in DNS has not been proven. Objective  The present study involved the measurement of both objective (nasal patency) and subjective (quality of life measures) outcome measures for the evaluation of the efficacy of septoplasty as compared with medical management. Methods  Patients with DNS presenting with nasal obstruction were included and randomized into a septoplasty group or into a nonsurgical management group, with 70 patients in each group. The improvement in nasal obstruction was assessed subjectively by the visual analogue scale (VAS), and the sino-nasal outcome test-22 (SNOT-22) and the nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) questionnaires and was measured objectively by assessment of nasal patency by peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment in both groups. Results  The average VAS, SNOT-22 and NOSE scores for the septoplasty versus the nonsurgical group before treatment were 6.28 versus 6.0, 19.5 versus 15, and 14 versus 12, respectively, and at 6 months post-treatment, the scores were 2.9 versus 5.26, 10 versus 12, and 8 versus 10 ( p  = 0.001), respectively. The average PNIF scores at 0 and 6 months were 60/50 l/min and 70/60 l/min, respectively, in the septoplasty group ( p  = 0.001); the scores at 0 and 6 months in the nonsurgical management group were 60/60 l/min and 70/70 l/min, respectively ( p  = 0.001). Conclusion  Surgical correction of DNS by septoplasty improves nasal obstruction better than nonsurgical management at 6 months postsurgery.Introduction  Idiopathic rhinitis is a nonallergic and noninfectious rhinitis characterized mainly by nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea, resulting from an autonomic imbalance. Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) demonstrated its action in reducing rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction when injected into the nasal turbinates or septum. Objective  To analyze the effects of intranasal BTX-A injection to control the symptoms of idiopathic rhinitis and its possible adverse effects. Method  Patients with idiopathic rhinitis were divided into two groups. Group A had 15 participants (8 female and 6 male), of ages from 47 to 84 years (mean 66.57 years), and these received 60 U of Dysport (Ipsen Ltd, Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK) in each inferior nasal turbinate; group B had 12 participants (1 male and 11 female), of ages from 50 to 76 years (mean 60 years), and they received 1 ml of 0.9% saline. The individuals were reevaluated in the 1 st , 2 nd , 4 th , 8 th , and 12 th weeks after injection by a questionnaire, accompanied by nasal inspiratory peak flow and acoustic rhinometry. Results  Group A showed significant improvement, mainly regarding the symptoms of sneezing/itching and nasal obstruction, over time and when compared to group B. Acoustic rhinometry confirmed the improvement in nasal obstruction. There was no relationship between the nasal peak flow data and the nasal obstruction score. No major adverse effects have been reported. Conclusion  The injection of botulinum toxin in the inferior nasal turbinates of patients with idiopathic rhinitis reduces the symptoms of sneezing, itching, nasal obstruction, and runny nose without significant adverse effects, suggesting that it is an option in the treatment of these patients.Introduction  The importance of temporal ordering and sequencing in the auditory system is discussed because these are considered basic functions for language. Objective  To verify the correlation between the practice of choir music and the temporal ordering in elderly with no prior formal musical experience. Method  The study design is cross-sectional. The sample consisted of 85 elderly individuals of both genders, ≥ 60 years old, and it was composed of 43 elderly individuals with no prior formal musical experience but choir participation (research group) and 42 elderly individuals who never sang in a choir and had no music training during their life (control group). The research group was divided based on three categories of choir time. The performances of the research and control groups were compared with pitch pattern sequence (PPS), verbal condition (PPSverb), humming condition (PPShum), and duration pattern sequence (DPS) tests. Results  The mean PPShum and PPSverb showed a statistically significant difference by choir time with a different mean of PPShum between the no singing experience group (59%) and the > 10 years of singing experience group (90%) ( p  = 0.
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