Notes

Extreme-Pressure Mark Lithography for Heat and also Ultraviolet-Free Direct Patterning involving Rigid Nanoscale Features.
[This corrects the article DOI 10.21037/gs.2020.04.09.].Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common malignancy of the endocrine system, is frequently driven by BRAFV600E mutation, which was reported in 35-60% cases in Western series. Numerous studies have recently emerged from Asian countries and regions; however sufficient summary is lacking to date. BRAF mutation serves as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in thyroid cancer, therefore establishing a rate of BRAF on the national scale could be of practical significance. We performed systematic reviews of available literature to investigate the prevalence of BRAF mutation in series of PTC from various Asian countries and regions. Out of the total 3,966 reports identified via initial screening, 138 studies encompassing over 40,000 PTCs were included for the final analysis. A vast majority (90.2%) of PTCs with known BRAF status were from East Asia, including China, South Korea, and Japan, with BRAF mutation rates of 71.2%, 75.5%, and 70.6%, respectively. Less abundant Indian and Saudi Arabian series found 45.6e rate for the country. In conclusion, despite considerable among and within countries heterogeneity, the Asian PTC series showed a higher prevalence of BRAFV600E mutation than that in Western series. Causes of geographic heterogeneity, whether genuine (etiology, genetics) or methodology-related should be further investigated.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) accounts for the majority of diagnoses of thyroid carcinoma.
mutation is the most common genetic alteration in PTC, which has diagnostic and prognostic significance. The rate of
mutation in PTC from Thailand has not been reported. Our purpose was to estimate the prevalence of
mutation in a large institutional series using an affordable approach, which combined mutation-specific immunohistochemistry (IHC) with VE1 antibody and tissue microarray (TMA).

A total of 476 PTC cases plotted on TMA were employed for determining the mutation status in this study. The cancer tissue of initial 100 cases (pilot study) were analyzed for
mutation by using both direct sequencing and VE1 immunostaining. For the subsequent PTC cases, VE1 IHC was used as an alternative to direct sequencing for the detection of mutation. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done to determine the association of clinicopathological variables with
mutation.

In the pilot study, VE1 IHC show replace direct sequencing for detection of the mutation. Selleckchem ATM/ATR inhibitor A combination of mutation-specific IHC and TMA allows conducting large cohort studies more labor-saving and cost-efficiently.
Distant metastases from well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) occasionally occur over a wide range of time intervals after primary thyroid surgery. The prognostic impact of the timing of distant metastasis onset remains unclear.

We retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathologic features and clinical outcomes of 57 patients with WDTC and distant metastases, and evaluated the mutational profiles of
,
, and
promoter genes. All patients underwent thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation using the same treatment protocol. Synchronous distant metastases were defined as those detected within 12 months of the primary WDTC diagnosis. Metachronous metastases were considered early- and late-onset diseases if detected 1-5 and ≥5 years after the primary diagnosis, respectively.

In all patients, the 5- and 10-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates after the diagnosis of distant metastasis were 86% and 57%, respectively. Late-onset (≥5 years) metachronous distant metastasis was associated wreated.
The prognosis of patients with WDTC was poorer for late metachronously detected metastases than for synchronous or early metachronous metastases. Patients with distant metastasis occurring 5 years later after primary thyroid diagnosis should, therefore, be more carefully treated.Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine malignancy that originates in parafollicular cells. It is well-known that a quarter of MTC are involved in hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes, whereas most MTC are sporadic. Unlike the commonly encountered gastrointestinal or pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, most sporadic MTCs have distinct genetic alterations featured by somatic changes of either Rearranged during Transfection (RET) or RAS point mutation. The increasing application of next-generation sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, and other molecular detection techniques enables us to understand MTC comprehensively concerning its detailed molecular changes and their clinical correlations. This article reviews the advances in genetic alterations and their prognostic impact in sporadic MTC among different populations and discusses the associated tumor immune microenvironments and the potential role of immunotherapy targeting PD-L1/PD-1 in treating MTC. Furthermore, the current multikinase inhibitor targeting therapy for sporadic MTC has been summarized here and its efficacy and drug toxicity are discussed. Updates in advance of the role of calcitonin/procalcitonin/calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha (CALCA) gene transcripts in diagnosing and handling MTC are also mentioned. The treatment of advanced MTC is still challenging and might require a combination of several modalities.Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated fibro-inflammatory condition that often causes the formation of tumefactive lesions. The discovery of IgG4-RD linked many well-known isolated conditions as a distinct multi-organ disease, and started an era of promoting investigation and treatment in relevant fields. In the thyroid gland, a subcategory of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) with IgG4-rich inflammation was first discovered and named IgG4 thyroiditis by our group. This subtype of HT presents with rapidly progressive clinical manifestations and destructive histopathological features underlying thyroid dysfunction, which are significantly different from the common type of HT. Moreover, other IgG4-rich thyroid conditions in patients with Graves' disease and systemic IgG4-RD have been described. These observations are most frequently reported in the Asian population for unknown reasons. Although recent studies demonstrated that IgG4 thyroiditis is a specific entity independent from IgG4-RD, recognition of this unique subset of thyroid disease has yielded important insights into understanding its pathogenesis and the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
Website: https://www.selleckchem.com/ATM.html