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Danger assessment of the anthropogenic actions (quarrying) and heavy metallic report throughout mining surroundings.
commune may have beneficial properties for functional food applications, both by preventing oxidative stress and suppressing the formation of advanced glycation end-products.Pectin enhances mucin secretion in the rat small intestine. However, what structural features of pectin to stimulate mucin secretion remain unclear. The study aimed to clarify active constituents of pectin using a human goblet cell line, HT29-MTX. Various pectins at 100 mg/L commonly stimulated MUC5AC secretion, irrespective of their differences in molecular size, plant origin and degree of methoxylation, whereas other dietary fiber materials at 100 mg/L did not show any effects, except fucoidan. Hairy region concentrate (HRC) and its further fractions (F1-F3) were prepared by polygalacturonase treatment of citrus pectin and successive anion exchange chromatography. Neutral sugars, such as galactose and arabinose were enriched in these fractions. HRC and F1-F3 at 30 mg/L significantly increased MUC5AC secretion, which were 3 times more potent compared with a starting material (citrus pectin). Further, a dose-dependent study showed that F1 significantly increased MUC5AC secretion from at 0.3 mg/L, much stronger than that of mucin-secretagogue lipopolysaccharides. Rats consumed 5% apple pectin diet showed significant increases of luminal mucin contents and Muc2 expression in the small intestine, while the luminal mucin contents in rats consumed 1.5% HRC diet were increased by 24% compared to those in rats consumed control diet, but the difference did not reach significant. Thus, HRC is supposed to be active constituents of mucin-secretory effect of pectin in vitro. At present, however, the effect of HRC has not been verified in vivo.In many countries, excessive consumption of sodium chloride (salt) has become a serious social problem and reducing salt has been required. Herbs have been reported to enhance the saltiness of food; however, few studies have focused on the numerical evaluation of the degree of saltiness enhancement by herbs. The purpose of this study was to quantify the degree of saltiness enhancement by herbs via human sensory evaluation using a visual analog scale (VAS). The sensory evaluation was conducted on 69 students who were able to arrange the five different saline concentrations in order. The sensory salt concentration of herb-added 0.4 wt% saline solutions were perceived in comparison with the saltiness of 0.2 to 0.6 wt% reference saline solutions. The results were recorded by an arrow on a VAS. Hot-water extracts of the herbs basil, rosemary, parsley, anise, and oregano were used. HRO761 cost The sensory salt concentration of a 0.175 wt% herb-added saline was equivalent to the actual salt concentration (0.4 wt%). However, the sensory salt concentrations of salines with 0.35 wt% herb extracts were significantly higher (p less then 0.001). There were no significant differences in the saltiness-enhancing effects depending on the species of, preference for, and familiarity with a particular herb. It was estimated that the addition of 0.35 wt% herb extracts enhanced the salty taste of the saline by 1.13 to 1.22 times.We determined the total energy expenditure (TEE) of healthy overweight or obese people, and those with impaired glucose tolerance and/or impaired fasting glycemia (IGT/IFG), or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) using the doubly-labeled water method. As a second purpose, we compared the measured TEE with the target energy intake recommended in the treatment guidelines for diabetes. The participants were normal glucose tolerance (NGT), and IGT/IFG (n=11) and T2DM (n=9) patients, who were 50-59 y and had a body mass index >25 kg/m2. The median TEE/body mass (BM) values were 32.6, 33.3, and 34.4 kcal/kg BM and the TEE/target BM values (target BM BM at a BMI of 22 kg/m2) were 43.7, 50.2, and 46.5 kcal/kg target BM for each group, respectively, and did not differ significantly among them. Obese Japanese participants with T2DM in this study had lower TEE/BM than previously studied in non-obese participants with T2DM. In IGT/IFG or T2DM patients, if 30 kcal/kg target BM was used as the energy coefficient, on the basis of the treatment guidelines, the difference between TEE and the target energy intake would be -1,174±552 kcal (-38±11%). When 35 kcal/kg target BM was used as the energy coefficient, the difference between TEE and the target energy intake would be -877±542 kcal (-27±13%). Thus, the energy coefficients used to estimate target energy intake during lifestyle modification in obese/overweight patients with T2DM are considered to be quite low during the first step of diet therapy.This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary porous ZnO supplementation on the growth performance, inflammatory cytokines and tight junction's gene expression in weaned piglets. A total of 192 weaned piglets were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups (n=48/group) and fed, during 14 d, with one of the following dietary treatments 1) basal diet (NC); 2) basal diet with 3,000 mg/kg of conventional ZnO (PC); 3) basal diet with 750 mg/kg of porous ZnO (low inclusion porous ZnO, LP-ZnO); 4) basal diet with 1,500 mg/kg porous ZnO (high inclusion porous ZnO, HP-ZnO). Results showed that dietary supplementation with regular ZnO or porous ZnO (750 and 1,500 mg/kg) improved average daily gain (ADG), feed to gain ratio (F/G) and jejunum morphology, while decreasing diarrhea incidence. Compared with the NC group, porous ZnO at both doses (750 or 1,500 mg/kg) increased serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentrations, but decreased serum glucose (GLU). Moreover, the mRNA expression of anti-inflammation cytokine (TGF-β), tight junction (Occludin, ZO-1) in the jejunum by different ZnO administration were significantly increased compared with the NC group, while mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-8), membrane channels that transport water (AQP3) and miR-122a were significantly decreased. It can be concluded that porous ZnO even at low dose (750 mg/kg) can be an effective alternative to pharmacological (3,000 mg/kg) conventional ZnO in reducing diarrhea, promoting the growth performance, increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and tight junctions, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines of weaned piglets.
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