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To investigate whether an actual improvement in gait could be differentiated from physiologic differences or habituation effects during gait analysis of dogs.

11 healthy dogs.

On 4 examination days, kinetic parameters were measured while dogs were walking on a treadmill. Differences in mean parameter values and habituation effects (ie, effect sizes) were quantified and compared among examination days. Coefficients of variation for repeated measurements were calculated to determine measurement reproducibility, and minimum differences were calculated to distinguish between physiologic fluctuation and an actual change in gait pattern.

Among the 4 examination days, mean absolute differences in peak vertical force and vertical impulse (VI) varied from 1.5% to 5.3% of body weight (BW) and 0.9% to 1.8% of BW·s, respectively. Mean absolute differences in the percentage of stance-phase duration (%SPD) and relative stride length (RSL) varied from 0.9% to 3.2% and 1.7% to 3.0%, respectively. Reproducibility of parameter measurements was good. Values for %SPD had the lowest amount of dispersion and largest effect size, suggesting a habituation effect for this parameter. Calculated minimum differences among the days for peak vertical force, VI, %SPD, and RSL did not exceed 9.9% of BW, 3.3% of BW·s, 5.8 percentage points, and 5.2 percentage points, respectively.

The %SPD of healthy dogs walking on a treadmill was the most sensitive and diagnostically reliable of the measured kinetic parameters, in contrast to VI and RSL. Findings suggested that actual changes can be distinguished from random physiologic fluctuations during gait analysis of dogs.
The %SPD of healthy dogs walking on a treadmill was the most sensitive and diagnostically reliable of the measured kinetic parameters, in contrast to VI and RSL. Findings suggested that actual changes can be distinguished from random physiologic fluctuations during gait analysis of dogs.
To evaluate holding security of 4 friction knots created with various monofilament and multifilament sutures in a vascular ligation model.

280 friction knot constructs.

10 friction knots of 4 types (surgeon's throw, Miller knot, Ashley modification of the Miller knot, and strangle knot) created with 2-0 monofilament (polyglyconate, polydioxanone, poliglecaprone-25, and glycomer-631) and braided multifilament (silk, lactomer, and polyglactin-910) sutures were separately tied on a mock pedicle and pressure tested to the point of leakage. Linear regression analysis was performed to compare leakage pressures among suture materials (within friction knot type) and among knot types (within suture material).

Mean leakage pressure of surgeon's throws was significantly lower than that of all other knots tested, regardless of the suture material used. All the other knots had mean leakage pressures considered supraphysiological. Significant differences in mean leakage pressure were detected between various friction knots tied with the same type of suture and various suture types used to create a given knot. Variability in leakage pressure among knots other than the surgeon's throw was greatest for poliglecaprone-25 and lowest for polydioxanone.

Most differences in knot security, although statistically significant, may not have been clinically relevant. However, results of these in vitro tests suggested the surgeon's throw should be avoided as a first throw for pedicle ligation and that poliglecaprone-25 may be more prone to friction knot slippage than the other suture materials evaluated.
Most differences in knot security, although statistically significant, may not have been clinically relevant. However, results of these in vitro tests suggested the surgeon's throw should be avoided as a first throw for pedicle ligation and that poliglecaprone-25 may be more prone to friction knot slippage than the other suture materials evaluated.
To characterize the biochemical, functional, and histopathologic changes associated with lomustine-induced liver injury in dogs.

I0 healthy purpose-bred sexually intact female hounds.

Dogs were randomly assigned to receive lomustine (approx 75 mg/m
, PO, q 21 d for 5 doses) alone (n = 5) or with prednisone (approx 1.5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 12 weeks; 5). For each dog, a CBC, serum biochemical analysis, liver function testing, urinalysis, and ultrasonographic examination of the liver with acquisition of liver biopsy specimens were performed before and at predetermined times during and after lomustine administration. Results were compared between dogs that did and did not receive prednisone.

7 of the I0 dogs developed clinical signs of liver failure. For all dogs, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, bile acid concentrations, and liver histologic score increased and hepatic reduced glutathione content decreased over time. Peak serum ALT (
= 0.79) and ALP (
the onset of clinical liver failure. Glutathione depletion may have a role in lomustine-induced hepatopathy and warrants further investigation.
Cyanotic breath-holding spells (CBHS) are self-limited conditions among younger children. Frequent spells cause parents' fear and anxiety. Seizures, brain damage and sudden death have been rarely reported with BHS. Some reported spells' frequency reduction with iron or piracetam. We evaluated the effectiveness of valproic acid (VPA) to treat CBHS and predictors of improvement.

Participants were 90 children with CBHS (≥4/week) (age 1.6±0.4yrs). They were treated with VPA (5 mg/kg/d). Follow-ups occurred after 3-≥6months. Autonomic nervous system functions were evaluated.

The majority (74.4%) had daily spells and 19% had ≥2 spells/d. Triton X-114 chemical Crying or anger provoked spells. Postural hypotension was found in 46.7%. They had normal electroencephalography and QT, QTc interval or QTd or QTcd and heart rate. Compared to controls, postural fall in systolic (>20mmHg) and diastolic (>10mmHg) blood pressures and mean arterial pressure (>10mmHg) were observed in 46.7%, 74.4% and 72.2% and miosis observed with 0.125% pilocarpine in 28.9% (P=0.001). Spells' frequency reduction (P=0.001) occurred within 3months with VPA. The independent prdictors for spell' frequency reduction were reduction of anger and crying [OR=4.52(95%CI=2.35-6.04), P =0.01].

VPA therapy reduces CBHS' frequency. Mood improvement is a suggestive effective mechanism.

www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier is NCT04482764.
www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier is NCT04482764.Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium that exists in various ecosystems, causing severe infections in patients with AIDS or cystic fibrosis. P. aeruginosa can form biofilm on a variety of surfaces, whereby the bacteria produce defensive substances and enhance antibiotic-resistance, making themselves more adaptable to hostile environments. P. aeruginosa resistance represents one of the main causes of infection-related morbidity and mortality at a global level. Iron is required for the growth of P. aeruginosa biofilm. This review summarises how the iron metabolism contributes to develop biofilm, and more importantly, it may provide some references for the clinic to achieve novel anti-biofilm therapeutics by targeting iron activities.
The present work aimed to improve the bioavailability of terbutaline sulphate (TS) and to prolong its nasal residence time for the treatment of asthma.

Chitosan/pectin polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (CS/PC) were prepared by ionic gelation method and coated with phospholipid (PL) and then incorporated into optimised thermosensitive in situ gel.

The optimal PL-coated nanoparticle formulation (LP1) showed the smallest particle size (345.5 nm), the highest zeta potential (32.9 mV) and the greatest percent drug released after 6 h (71%). The optimum in situ gel loaded with LP1 (NG3) showed three times greater permeation through nasal mucosa than aqueous solution of TS and revealed about 94% and 92% of the effect of IV injection of drug solution on tidal volume and peak expiratory flow in histamine treated rats, respectively.

The developed PL-coated CS/PC/in situ gel could be considered as a promising intranasal formulation of TS for asthma management.
The developed PL-coated CS/PC/in situ gel could be considered as a promising intranasal formulation of TS for asthma management.
COVID-19 has spread throughout the world with merciless pace. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is required to protect healthcare workers from contracting the virus. The authors evaluated the use of full-dress rehearsals (FDR) to familiarize staff with protocols and equipment that are not often use otherwise.

A single institution in Singapore performed FDR with noninfected patients for endoscopy after refresher courses with PPE were conducted. FDRs were conducted between February and March 2020, during the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak. The FDRs involved all phases of endoscopy. Statistics from the FDRs were compared against baseline procedure statistics. A self-administered survey was conducted for the procedurists after the FDRs.

A total of 26 FDRs were conducted and 20 (77%) completed the survey. Among all the FDRs conducted, there was a slight increase in duration for colonoscopy FDRs (21.5 min vs 20.0 min,
 = 0.22). There were no complications. All respondents had a good experience (score rating of 4-5/5). On qualitative analysis, the themes identified were FDRs provided a good opportunity to have hands-on familiarization of the equipment on top of routine refresher training. Participants were cognizant of the ongoing outbreak and the evolving threat. Safety measures were reinforced. Procedurists who acknowledged weaknesses, requested for more training.

Simulation training with patients provides participants with a level of realism that is critical for rapid learning. In crisis management, the most effective protocol familiarization is important to instill confidence in the PPE, workflows and healthcare partners.
Simulation training with patients provides participants with a level of realism that is critical for rapid learning. In crisis management, the most effective protocol familiarization is important to instill confidence in the PPE, workflows and healthcare partners.
Fractures due to osteoporosis represent a serious burden on patients and healthcare systems. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the anabolic agent abaloparatide (ABL) for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at high risk for fracture.

A literature review was conducted using PubMed to identify articles focused on ABL published prior to February 10, 2020, using the search term "abaloparatide".

ABL, a synthetic analog of human parathyroid hormone-related protein, increased bone mineral density (BMD), improved bone microarchitecture, and increased bone strength in preclinical and clinical studies. The pivotal phase 3 trial ACTIVE and its extension (ACTIVExtend) demonstrated the efficacy of initial treatment with ABL for 18 months followed by sequential treatment with alendronate (ALN) for an additional 24 months to reduce the risk of vertebral, nonvertebral, clinical, and major osteoporotic fractures and to increase BMD in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Discontinuations from ACTIVE were slightly more common in ABL-treated patients due to dizziness, palpitations, nausea, and headache.
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