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[Analysis of M2 macrophage infiltration and it is scientific importance in 44 patients with a number of major cancers in the head and also neck].
PURPOSE To estimate the prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis (AC) and its related allergic ailments among Saudi adults in the western region. METHODS Adult population of Taif, Makkah, and Jeddah cities was surveyed from 2017 to June 2018. Subjective questionnaire was used to collect the response. Participants were asked about symptoms (redness, itching, watering, based diagnosis and details of AC, treatment taken in the pasts, and associated conditions, such as allergic asthma and rhinitis). The age-sex-adjusted prevalence, its determinants, and associations to other ailments were assessed. RESULTS We surveyed 2187 participants (mean age 26.0 ± 9.1 years). The age-sex-adjusted prevalence of AC was 70.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 68.6-72.4). There could be 2.1 million AC patients among 3.1 million adult populations in Western KSA. It was significantly higher in females compared to males (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7 [95% CI 1.4-2.2]). The risk of AC did not vary by age group (χ 2 = 2.5, df = 3, P = 0.1). The variation of AC in three provinces was not significant (χ 2 = 0.3, df = 3, P = 0.6). Dust (42.6%) and unknown (24.8%) allergens were the main causative agents of AC. AC was significantly associated to asthma (OR = 2.8) and allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.2). CONCLUSION AC affects seven in ten adults in Western Saudi Arabia. AC is positively associated to allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Public health policies at primary eye-care level should focus on early detection and care of persons with AC. Copyright © 2020 Oman Ophthalmic Society.AIMS The aim of this study was to identify the ocular morbidity pattern among children attending a blind school in North India and comparing the data with similar studies conducted across India and abroad. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional observational study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed during September 2017 where 94 students attending a blind school were interviewed, and a detailed ocular examination was performed by an ophthalmologist. RESULTS Sixty-three (67%) children were blind since birth and 29 (30.9%) had absolute blindness. Anatomical site of blindness included retinal disorders in 38 (40.42%), whole globe pathology in 20 (21.40%), optic nerve disorders in 17 (18.09%), corneal diseases in eight (8.51%), and congenital cataract in four (4.26%). A history of consanguinity among parents was reported by 12 (12.8%) students. Blindness was potentially avoidable in 22 (23.4%) children. CONCLUSION Retinal pathologies were the most common cause for blindness in the present study. The proportion of corneal scarring and congenital cataract is decreasing and majority of cases had unavoidable or incurable blindness. Health education about consanguineous marriages, establishment of pediatric ophthalmology units across the country is essential to eliminate or minimize avoidable blindness among children. Copyright © 2020 Oman Ophthalmic Society.PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the potential risk factors and causes of infectious and sterile keratitis after accelerated collagen cross-linking. METHODS Case records of 968 eyes that underwent accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking (ACXL) over the period of 4 years were reviewed retrospectively. ACXL was done using (Avedro KXL® system, Waltham, MA, USA) 9 mW/cm2 for 10 min protocol providing total energy of 5.4 J/cm2. RESULTS Of 968 eyes, a total of three eyes developed infectious keratitis and seven eyes developed sterile infiltrates. Three of this infectious keratitis had two cases which were resistant to fourth-generation fluoroquinolones. Seven cases of sterile infiltrates had excellent resolution after treatment with topical steroids. Sterile infiltrates were common in corneas with thinnest pachymetry of less then 400 µm, except in one case of intra stromal corneal ring segments (INTACS) + ACXL. CONCLUSION Judicious use of steroids in the initial postoperative period is recommended so as to prevent any form of microbial keratitis. Very steep corneas and too thin corneas should be looked with high index of suspicion in view of chances of developing sterile infiltrates. Copyright © 2020 Oman Ophthalmic Society.AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This retrospective study compared surgical outcome of pterygium excision with conjunctival autograft fixed with sutures, tissue glue or autologous blood in relation to recurrence rate and surgical complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surgical records of 148 patients operated for excision of primary nasal pterygium with conjunctival autograft were reviewed retrospectively for the period between January 2015 and June 2018. Based on surgical technique used to fix the graft, patients were divided into three groups. In Group A, 8 "0" vicryl suture was used to fix the graft in 90 patients. In Group B, fibrin glue was used to fix the graft in 23 patients. In Group C, autologous blood was used to fix the graft in 35 patients. Patients who were operated by single surgeon and had followed up for minimum six months were included in the study. RESULTS Group A had recurrence in 7 cases (7.78%) whereas; Group B and C had no recurrence. check details But, in Group C two patients (5.71%) lost their graft. Overall recurrence rate in the study was 4.72%. CONCLUSION Among the three techniques used in the study, recurrence was seen in the suture group and autologous blood group had loss of graft. The fibrin glue group was free of complications. Copyright © 2020 Oman Ophthalmic Society.Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the ocular surface and one of the worst types of allergic conjunctival diseases. Because of its chronic nature, it can damage the cornea, resulting in sight-threatening complications if left untreated. The disease affects mainly young children starting around the age of 7 years. We used keywords to search for published English articles in PUBMED, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Most of the published literature is focusing on general management of the disease and few publications focusing on treatment in the pediatric age group. We highlight the importance of how is the topical management differs between age groups. We focused on the importance of doing cycloplegic refraction for each child as the risk of keratoconus and oblique astigmatism is high in these cases. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of using eye lubricants as a therapeutic and preventive tool for the attacks of the disease. We highlight that most of the recent effective medications (especially the off-label ones) are not available in Saudi Arabia, such as tacrolimus, and some are only available to be prepared in tertiary center pharmacies as Cyclosporine A with higher concentrations.
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