Notes

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Rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has long been actively used in the treatment of depressive disorders in various mental illnesses. At the same time, the question of the predictability of the results of this method for an individual patient remains open. Based on the existing ideas about the relationship of rTMS mechanisms with changes in the state of neural networks, one of the most perspective line is the search for prognostically significant neurophysiological markers. The study analyzed a wide range of EEG characteristics and evoked potentials recorded before treatment in the groups of responders and nonresponders in patients with depressive symptoms in schizophrenia, who have completed a course of rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation. The study revealed associations between an unfavorable treatment outcome and greater coherence in the alpha range (mainly in the caudal regions bilaterally) and less coherence in the beta1 range (involving temporal leads and left-hemisphere asymmetry). At the same time, such indicators as the amplitude of the N100 wave and the negativity of the mismatch were uninformative in terms of predicting the effectiveness of therapy.The review presents information on the most effective current non-drug methods of treatment of depression used in practice. A review of publications in PubMed and PsycINFO and Cochrane Library over the past 10 years was conducted. Non-drug biological therapies demonstrate high efficacy in the reduction of depressive symptoms in patients with recurrent depressive disorder. The use of non-drug therapy does not preclude the continuation of pharmacological therapy. In order to choose an optimal method of treatment, the psychophysical state of a patient, severity of depressive symptoms, response to drug therapy, and possibility of prescribing pharmacological therapy should be taken into account, and the principles of evidence-based medicine should be taken into consideration when making a decision.
Was to investigate clinical and biochemical correlates of depression in the structure of schizophrenia to improve its diagnosis and differential diagnosis and to deepen understanding of mechanisms of schizophrenia development. Material and Methods. Forty-two inpatients at the stabilization stage of paranoid schizophrenia, aged 29.5±5.9 years, of whom 64.3% were women, were examined. The duration of the disease was 5.6±6.3 years. We used clinical and psychopathological methods, clinical scales (PANSS, SANS, BACS, Calgary Scale), catamnestic and clinic-laboratory methods (determination of brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF, proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6, C-reactive protein). Results. At the stabilization stage, depression in patients with paranoid schizophrenia occurred in 19% of cases, more frequently in women. Female patients were more severely depressed, which was associated with an increased concentration of C-reactive protein, while negative symptoms predominated in male patients as comparedlgary Scale), catamnestic and clinic-laboratory methods (determination of brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF, proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6, C-reactive protein). Results. At the stabilization stage, depression in patients with paranoid schizophrenia occurred in 19% of cases, more frequently in women. Female patients were more severely depressed, which was associated with an increased concentration of C-reactive protein, while negative symptoms predominated in male patients as compared to females. The presence of depression correlates with a lower severity of psychopathological, primarily positive symptoms and with a greater severity of neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenic patients. BDNF level directly correlates with the severity of positive and negative symptoms, and the level of interleukin 6 at the stage of remission formation does not differ from that in healthy individuals. C-reactive protein levels are associated with the characteristics of the course of schizophrenia.
Analysis of clinical features of development and course of depression in patients with FH of mood disorders taking into account sex differences.

This multicenter cross-sectional study included patients over 18 years of age with depressive episode/recurrent depressive disorder. Clinical characteristics of depression, presence of comorbid mental illness and family history (FH) information were obtained in a structured clinical interview.

One hundred and seventy-one patients (mean age (M (SD)) 40.87 (15.86) y.o.), including 64.5% of women, were enrolled in the study. FH was revealed in 30.2% of patients. The proportion of FH did not differ in men and women (
=0.375). Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was more frequent in FH positive patients (
=0.016). Logistic regression also revealed that FH is a risk factor for concomitant GAD (
=0.019, OR=2.4). The GLM demonstrated a significant joint effect of FH and sex on the maximum duration of a depressive episode (
=0.044), as well on the number of suicide attempts (
=0.055) and the number of depressive episodes as a trend (
=0.072).

We have demonstrated the specific interaction of FH of mood disorders with sex on clinical course of depression. Thus, the manifestation of a genetic influence on the clinical phenotype of depression can be significantly moderated by sex.
We have demonstrated the specific interaction of FH of mood disorders with sex on clinical course of depression. Thus, the manifestation of a genetic influence on the clinical phenotype of depression can be significantly moderated by sex.
The comparison of inflammatory markers in different age groups of patients with endogenous depression and correlation of immunological parameters with the clinical features of depression.

The study included 140 patients with endogenous depression (ED) (F21, F31-F34, ICD-10) aged 15 to 82 years (39.8±23 years), including 55 patients of adolescent age (18.9±2.8 years), 30 middle-aged patients (38.7±10.3 years) and 55 elderly patients (69.1±7.1 years). The total duration of the disease differed from 5 months to 45 years. Psychometric assessment of patients was carried out using HDRS. The control groups consisted of 143 healthy people aged 16 to 75 years. The activity of inflammatory markers leukocyte elastase (LE) and α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI), their ratio (leukocyte-inhibitory index, LII), the levels of antibodies to S100B and myelin basic protein (MBP) were determined in blood.

Three immunological clusters were identified that correspond to different clinical variants of ED. A pro-inflammatory stat paraclinical criterion for differential diagnosis and prognosis of ED.
The status of leukocyte-inhibitory system of inflammation is correlated with the clinical features of ED in different age groups of patients. LII can be considered as an additional paraclinical criterion for differential diagnosis and prognosis of ED.Recent findings in candidate genes for depression showed significant replication failures and thus appeared irrelevant. Much of the earlier studies' limitations can be overcome by the strategy of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which aims to identify associations between different genomic variants and phenotypic traits without pathophysiological hypotheses application. With the use of such studies, it seems possible to calculate polygenic risk scores (PRS) as a promising approach for predicting depression risk. The aim of this review is to analyze modern approaches of genetic research used to assess the risk of depression in a population.
To identify the specifics of psychopathology and phenomenology of religious experience in depressed patients, for early diagnosis of mental disorders masked by a «religious facade», and prevention of suicidal activity.

The study included 115 patients (41 men, 74 women) with depression contained religious distress in affective disorders (38 observations) and schizophrenia (77 observations), F31.3, F31.4, F32.1, F32.2, F33.1, F33.2 and F20.0, F20.4, F21 according to ICD-10.

According the psychopathological structure of depressive states, five types of depression were identified. The predominant type was melancholic depression (61%). Based on characteristics of religious experience, types of depressions were distinguished as follows with congruent religious ideas of guilt and sinfulness; with the loss of «living» faith, God-forsakenness; with overvalued doubts about the choice of faith; and with «spiritual hypochondria».

Mental disorders, in particular depressive states, which have a religious «facade» often remain unrecognized due to the specific religious content, which often leads to severe and sometimes irreversible consequences as suicidal activity. Thus, these conditions require early diagnosis and specific approaches to the treatment.
Mental disorders, in particular depressive states, which have a religious «facade» often remain unrecognized due to the specific religious content, which often leads to severe and sometimes irreversible consequences as suicidal activity. Thus, these conditions require early diagnosis and specific approaches to the treatment.
The aim of the study was to investigate the course of agoraphobia with panic disorder combined with the major depressive disorder to establish positive and negative prevalence predictors.

The sample consisted of 49 women. The average age was 41.5±9.9 years. All patients (
=49; 100%) had symptoms of agoraphobia with panic disorder (F40.01) (
=49; 100%) and recurrent depressive disorder with mild (F33.01) (
=33; 67.3%) or moderate (F33.11) (
=16; 32.7%) severity. The duration of the disease by the time of inclusion in the study was from 2 to 5 years. Clinical-psychopathological, clinical-follow-up, clinical-dynamic, and statistical methods were used.

Two types of agoraphobia prevalence with panic disorder were identified. Type I is a relatively favorable one with complete remissions of phobic anxiety and affective disorders (
=29; 59.2%). Type II is an unfavorable one with constant phobic anxiety symptoms (
=20; 40.8%). The predictive factors of the unfavorable type of agoraphobia with panic disordes at the onset of APD, gastrointestinal symptoms, senestopathy, fear of going crazy, or loss of control in the structure of a panic attack (PA), morning PA, vertebral artery syndrome, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, panic attacks with provocation, depression with hysteroform symptoms in pre-manifest period APD, the age at the time of the debut APD, professional status, occupational psychogenic, family microclimate, health problems, endocrine system diseases, severe agoraphobia.
To compare premorbid personality and structure of psychopathological status of organic anxiety-depressive disorder in comparison with endogenous depression and anxiety neurotic disorders.

One hundred and twelve patients, including 57 with organic anxiety-depressive disorder (OADD), 41 with endogenous depression (ED) and 14 with anxiety neurotic disorder (AND) were studied. have been included into the study. The Munich personality test (MPT) and Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS) were used for the evaluation of premorbid personality. BTK inhibitor screening library Psychopathological structure was assessed with SCL-90. The correlation between premorbid personality and current structure of psychopathological states was studied.

OADD patients were characterized by higher scores of frustration tolerance, rigidity and isolation tendency and less expression of neuroticism, esoteric tendencies and motivation compared with ED. In the AND patients, the values of neuroticism and motivation predominated compared with OADD, while the value of frustration tolerance was higher in OADD.
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