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Tactical CT lowered triglyceride levels by 24.2% (P less then 0.05). Only tactical CT exercise lowered BP. Both brachial (4.6% reduction) and central (4.4 % reduction) systolic and diastolic SBP and DBP decreased with CT (all P ≤ 0.01). After training we found improvements in FMD and SEVR with tactical CT only. Percent FMD increased by 28.7% (P less then 0.01) while SEVR increased by 4.4% (P less then 0.05) in the tactical CT group. Fitness improved in both cohorts (P less then 0.05). These data suggest that 4 weeks of a CT program improves several CVD-risk factors and may be more beneficial.The purpose of this study is to measure the acute effects of exercise variability on muscle thickness and physical performance after two resistance training (RT) protocols using the same or different exercises in recreationally-trained subjects. Fifteen resistance-trained men (23.1 ± 2.6 years, 83.4 ± 16.6 kg, 173.5 ± 8.3cm) performed one of two RT protocols SINGLE six sets of 10RM/two-minutes rest of the unilateral biceps curl exercise using cables or MIX six sets of 10RM/two-minutes rest for the unilateral biceps curl exercises (cable three sets and dumbbells three sets, randomly). Muscle thickness (MT) and peak force (PF) were measured ten-minutes before (control), pre-RT session, and post-RT (immediately after and 15-minutes after). All acute RT variables were measured during both RT protocols the maximal number of repetitions (MNR), the total number of repetitions (TNR), time under tension (TUT), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Two-way ANOVA (2 x 4) was used to test differences between RT protocol (SINGLE and MIX) and time (control, pre-test, post0, and post15) for MT and PF. Two-way ANOVAs (2 x 6) were used to test differences between RT protocol (SINGLE and MIX) and sets for MNR, RPEset, and TUT. For PF and MT, there were significant differences in time for both RT protocols (p less then 0.05), however, there were not statistical differences between RT protocols. For MNR, RPEset, and TUT, there were significant differences in time (p less then 0.05), however, there were not statistical differences between RT protocols. In conclusion, both RT protocols induced a similar increase in MT for elbow flexors and a reduction in peak force.The global medical community has exalted the vaccine as the champion solution to end the violent toll inflicted by COVID-19. While the role of vaccines cannot be undervalued in wide-scale intervention, presenting them as the sole solution exonerates individuals of the importance of taking ownership over their lifestyle choices. This editorial focuses on the importance of physical activity as a crucial component of COVID-19 prevention programs and a long-term investment against chronic diseases.Prenatal physical activity (PA) may mitigate adverse outcomes that have increased as a result of the coronavirus pandemic, including poor maternal mental health. This study explored the perspectives of prenatal healthcare providers (PHCP) on maternal PA during the pandemic and identified resources providers would like to have to inform clinical discussions and prescription of PA. Semi-structured interviews were completed with PHCPs following a qualitative description approach. A content analysis coded data to inform three study objectives 1. Changes to maternal health, 2. The role prenatal PA can have during a pandemic, 3. Resources PHCPs would find helpful to discuss and prescribe PA. Nine PHCPs completed interviews. Changes to maternal health include an increase in stress, fear surrounding labor and delivery, and risk of pre-existing problematic behaviors (e.g., substance abuse). PA was identified as helpful for improving mental health and preventing excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG). Providers expressed interest in having low cost referral options for prenatal PA that are accessible from home. PHCPs suggest PA during the pandemic can improve maternal mental health and prevent EGWG. To support clinical discussions and prescriptions of prenatal PA, knowledge translation initiatives should include informing PHCPs of referral resources for low cost at-home fitness options.In alignment with efforts to mitigate the negative health consequences of Parkinson's Disease (PD), the purpose of this investigation was to examine if participation in a community-based boxing program (CBP) was associated with improvements in balance and fall risk reduction among individuals with PD. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, de-identified data from 12 individuals with PD participating in a CBP was examined. Participants included those with a Hoehn and Yahr stage between 1 and 3, averaging 2.8 ± 0.8 CBP sessions per week for 6.1 ± 0.8 months between testing. Baseline and re-evaluation testing included the Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) Scale and Timed Up and Go (TUG) to quantify balance and fall risk. Sessions were 90-minutes in length involving a warm-up, boxing drills, strength and endurance exercises, and cool down. Sessions included multiple bouts of 30-60 second high-intensity exercise intervals (RPE between 15/20 to 17/20). Paired t-tests were used to determine if differences existed between the FAB and TUG from baseline to re-evaluation, with statistical significance accepted at p 0.8 interpreted as a large effect using Cohen's d. Results indicated a statistically significant increase and large effect in FAB performance, with a mean increase in score above previously reported minimal detectable change (MDC). While participation in CBP was associated with a statistically significant improvement and medium effect in the TUG, this did not demonstrate a population specific MDC. This study found that participation in a CBP was associated with improved balance among clients with PD.Caffeine (CAF) has been extensively studied for its ergogenic and analgesic effects during exercise. However, the majority of these studies have been conducted in male populations. This study investigated the effects of acute CAF chewing gum on self-selected exercise intensity during a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) production trial in active females (n = 16, 21.0 ± 2.8 y). Data were also analyzed based on habitual CAF consumption level. Participants completed a V̇O2peak trial, followed by a familiarization and two randomized, triple-blinded experimental RPE production trials on an arm ergometer [clamped resistance, blinded to self-selected cadence (CAD)] with either CAF gum (300 mg; 4.8 ± 0.7 mg/kg-1 body mass) or placebo (PLA), at a prescribed RPE of 4 and 7 (10 min each). Self-selected CAD did not statistically differ (p > 0.05) between CAF or PLA for an RPE4 (37.7 ± 1.6 vs. 37.6 ± 1.6 rev·min-1) or RPE7 (42.9 ± 1.6 vs. 41.2 ± 1.7 rev·min-1), respectively. There were no statistical differences between treatment groups for any other variables, except restlessness rating which was significantly higher (3.5 vs. 2.2; p = 0.03, d = 0.64) for the CAF group compared to PLA. Secondary analysis revealed no statistical differences for any variables between habitual consumers of low (23 ± 20 mg/day) or mod/high (195 ± 93 mg/day) CAF. Our data support previous studies examining CAF in women across different testing modalities and suggest that regardless of habitual CAF consumption, females might require higher doses of CAF to replicate subjective and physiological responses commonly observed using similar RPE production protocols in male participants. These findings support the need for additional investigations into female physiological and perceptual responses following CAF ingestion.The purpose of this study was to assess the acute arterial blood flow velocity of the lower extremity (LE) immediately after a bout of high-intensity LE cycling exercise. Twenty-eight healthy males (n = 14) and females (n = 14) aged 20.9 ± 1.7 years participated in this study. All subjects performed a single bout of high-intensity cycling (70% of HRR) for 45 min. The subjects' LE blood flow velocity, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured at rest, immediately post-, post-15 min., and post- 30 min. click here intervention. A repeated-measures ANOVA with a Bonferroni adjustment was used for each measure to compare the responses at each time point. Resting blood flow velocity (37.5 ± 11.3 cm/s) and HR (64.9 ± 11.8 bpm) measures were significantly different (p less then 0.05) compared to measures of immediately post cycling (44.8 ± 13.7 cm/s; 118.3 ± 17.2 bpm), post-15 min. (50.1 ± 15.0 cm/s; 80.1 ± 12.0 bpm) and post-30 min. (52.7 ± 18.1 cm/s; 73.9 ± 11.9 bpm). SBP measures were significantly different (p less then 0.05) at immediately post (118.2 ±17.0 mmHg) compared to post-15 min. (108.1 ± 13.6 mmHg). Resting SpO2 (98.2 ± 1.3 %) measures were significantly different (p less then 0.05) compared to measures immediately post (96.5 ± 1.1 %) and post-15 min. (96.9 ± 1.2 %). This study indicates that LE blood flow velocity was increased, and HR was elevated following a single bout of high-intensity LE cycling up to 30 min.-post. Additionally, SBP was elevated, while SpO2 dropped following a bout of exercise to 15 min.-post activity.Cycles of ischemia and reperfusion induced with a pressure cuff on a skeletal muscle, also know as remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), appears to improve performance in different time-trial events in healthy individuals. Our primary goal was to assess the effect of RIPC in heart failure (HF) patients' functional capacity using the six-minute walk test (6MWT). A randomized crossover design comparing RIPC (4 × five-minutes of upper arm ischemia) to the SHAM procedure was done in 15 patients prior to a 6MWT. The primary outcome measure was the total distance walked in a standardized 6MWT (20m corridor). Metabolic and hemodynamic responses were measured using gas exchange analysis with a portable metabolic analyzer and peripheral skeletal muscle oxygen saturation (smO2) with near-infrared spectroscopy. The total distance travelled during 6MWT was not significantly different between the RIPC (347 ± 63 m) and the SHAM procedure (352 ± 65 m; p = 0.514). Relative oxygen uptake did not change when comparing interventions 10.26 ± 2.01 ml/kg/min vs 10.69 ± 2.51 ml/kg/min (RIPC vs SHAM, respectively, p = 0.278). As well, no significant differences were observed for heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, smO2, and ventilation. Even though HF patients tolerated well the RIPC intervention, it did not provide any significant improvement in functional capacity and other physiological parameters in our sample of patients.According to the American Heart Association 116.4 million, or 46% of US adults are estimated to have hypertension. Although, traditional moderate intensity aerobic exercise training is associated with reducing blood pressure by 5-8 mmHg, barriers to this modality of exercise training exist. Thus, the purpose of this review is to evaluate the mechanisms and incorporation of isometric exercise training (IET) as an adjunctive mode of exercise in a population with HTN. Based upon the articles reviewed from the years 2000-2020 which incorporated IET and provided clear protocols lasting 4 or more weeks, meaningful reductions in blood pressure occurred following IET (SBP, -9.7 ± 3.3 mmHg; DBP, -4.8 ± 2.6 mmHg) which support the need to increase adoption of this exercise form into practice to help treat hypertension. Specifically, an IET program of 12-20 minutes per day, 3 times per week, could improve blood pressure reduction in those with hypertension. IET has the potential to produce significant and clinically meaningful blood pressure reductions and could serve as an adjunctive exercise modality alongside the established exercise prescription for those with hypertension.
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