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This in situ tracking approach elucidated steady-state motions of the nanoparticles moving at a constant speed under the counter-balanced electrophoretic and viscous drag forces, which also allowed estimations of their surface charge densities. The present method can be utilized as a speedometer for nanoscale objects of virtually any size as long as they are able to be put through the sensing zones with potential applications for single-molecule time-of-flight mass spectrometry.The influence of the fluorination positions on the optical and electronic properties of a pair of donor-acceptor (DA)-based regioisomers is explored. In the regioisomers, the fluorination was varied between the 2 and 3 positions on benzothiadiazole (BTD) acceptor units. selleck Although the structural variation between the regioisomers is small, significant variations in the electronic properties of the two compounds were observed. These were observed most markedly in the excited-state properties with a 15 nm (280-390 cm-1) red shift of the emission between the regioisomers. The combination of resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations was used to probe the possible causes of the observed variations. The analysis suggested a F···S through-space interaction as being responsible for tuning both the electronic properties and rigidity of the compounds. Shifting the fluorine atoms shifted the location of the F···S interaction, changing which part of the molecule was locked down, and showed a variation in the overall rigidity of the molecule. In this series, the influence could be varied between the core and periphery. This study adds to a growing body of work demonstrating the effectiveness of selective fluorination in tailoring the properties of organic molecules.In this work, by fully exploring the stimulus response of infinite coordination polymer nanoparticles (ICPs) and by taking advantage of the particular optical properties of ICP guest tetra(4-sulfophenyl)ethene (TPE-TS) with adjustable monomer emission (ME) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE), we demonstrated a novel sensing mechanism for an anthrax biomarker dipicolinic acid (DPA) based on the competitive coordination interaction regulating the structure of TPE-TS@Eu/GMP ICPs. The double ratiometric fluorescence stemmed from triple response of TPE-TS@Eu/GMP ICPs without spectral cross-interference (ME and AIE from TPE-TS and sensitized emission from Eu/DPA) and a corresponding blue-to-red fluorescent color change, which not only benefited the direct detection of DPA with high sensitivity and selectivity, but also offered a great opportunity to realize real-time monitoring of DPA released by Bacillus subtilis spores. Furthermore, the coffee ring deposition patterns on a test paper were innovatively tuned by the quantity and morphology changes of TPE-TS@Eu/GMP ICPs during their stimulus response toward DPA, which could be exploited as expanded signal channels. By integrating a multichannel responsive coffee ring test kit with image recognition and processing application installed on smartphones, point-of-use analysis of DPA could be realized in a low-cost and high-throughput fashion.A systematic and combinatorial optimization has been employed to metabolically engineer microbes for identifying key gene targets for overexpression to increase the intermediate pools for terpenoid production. Herein, the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum, an industrial host, was investigated to identify the key genes whose overexpression would improve the production of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP)-derived terpenoids (squalene and α-farnesene). Using a combinatorial approach with the single, double, and triple expression of genes in the MEP pathway in a high-throughput fermentation, overexpression of the ispDF genes, along with the known dxs and idi genes, was most effective at increasing the squalene contents, i.e., by 14-fold. The dxr gene was identified as the key target enzyme for α-farnesene production. This result could provide fundamental information for improving the metabolic engineering of C. glutamicum for terpene production via an optimized MEP pathway.Amphiphilic polymer nanogels (NGs) are promising drug delivery vehicles that extend the application of conventional hydrophilic NGs to hydrophobic cargoes. By randomly introducing hydrophobic groups into a hydrophilic polymer network, loading and release profiles as well as surface characteristics of these colloids can be tuned. However, very little is known about the underlying internal structure of such complex colloidal architectures. Of special interest is the question how the amphiphilic network composition influences the internal morphology and the "fuzzy" surface structure. To shine light into the influence of varying network amphiphilicity on these structural features, we investigated a small library of water-swollen amphiphilic NGs using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). It was found that overall hydrophilic NGs, consisting of pure poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (PHPMA), display a disordered internal structure as indicated by the absence of a SAXS peak. In contrast, a SAXS peak is present for amphiphilic NGs with various amounts of incorporated hydrophobic groups such as cholesteryl (CHOLA) or dodecyl (DODA). The internal composition of the NGs is considered structurally homologous to microgels. Application of the Teubner-Strey model reveals that hydrophilic PHPMA NGs have a disordered internal structure (positive amphiphilicity factor) while CHOLA and DODA samples have an ordered internal structure (negative amphiphilicity factor). From the SAXS data it can be derived that the internal structure of the amphiphilic NGs consists of regularly alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains with repeat distances of 3.45-5.83 nm.The measurement of gene expression using fluorescence markers has been a cornerstone of synthetic biology for the past two decades. However, the use of arbitrary units has limited the usefulness of these data for many quantitative purposes. Calibration of fluorescence measurements from flow cytometry and plate reader spectrophotometry has been implemented previously, but the tools are disjointed. Here we pull together, and in some cases improve, extant methods into a single software tool, written as a package in the R statistical framework. The workflow is validated using Escherichia coli engineered to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) from a set of commonly used constitutive promoters. We then demonstrate the package's power by identifying the time evolution of distinct subpopulations of bacteria from bulk plate reader data, a task previously reliant on laborious flow cytometry or colony counting experiments. Along with standardized parts and experimental methods, the development and dissemination of usable tools for quantitative measurement and data analysis will benefit the synthetic biology community by improving interoperability.
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