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Delete of sea drinking water ro brine to make Dunaliella salina centered β-carotene as a valuable bioproduct: The circular bioeconomy viewpoint.
Open-porous scaffolds of WE43 Mg alloy with a body-center cubic cell pattern were manufactured by laser powder bed fusion with different strut diameters. The geometry of the unit cells was adequately reproduced during additive manufacturing and the porosity within the struts was minimized. The microstructure of the scaffolds was modified by means of thermal solution and ageing heat treatments and was analysed in detail by means of X-ray microtomography, optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the corrosion rates and the mechanical properties of the scaffolds were measured as a function of the strut diameter and metallurgical condition. The microstructure of the as-printed scaffolds contained a mixture of Y-rich oxide particles and Rare Earth-rich intermetallic precipitates. The latter could be modified by heat treatments. The lowest corrosion rates of 2-3 mm/year were found in the as-printed and solution treated scaffolds and they could be reduced to ~0.1 mm/year by surface treatments using plasma electrolytic oxidation. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds improved with the strut diameter the yield strength increased from 8 to 40 MPa and the elastic modulus improved from 0.2 to 0.8 GPa when the strut diameter increased from 275 μm to 800 μm. Nevertheless, the strength of the scaffolds without plasma electrolytic oxidation treatment decreased rapidly when immersed in simulated body fluid. In vitro bicompatibility tests showed surface treatments by plasma electrolytic oxidation were necessary to ensure cell proliferation in scaffolds with high surface-to-volume ratio.Recent trends in scaffold design for tissue engineering have focused on providing structural, mechanical and chemical cues for guiding cell behaviors. In this study, we presented a structural/compositional gradient nano-/microfibrous mesh by co-electrospinning, using silk fibroin-poly(ε-caprolactone) (SF-PCL) nanofibers and PCL microfibers. The pore size, porosity, and physical property of the gradient meshes were qualified. Cell proliferation of mouse osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells was carried out to estimate the effect of structural and compositional gradients on biocompatibility. Furthermore, the 2-D mesh was rolled up and the compressive property of 3-D cylinder was investigated. The results suggested that the rolled-up gradient cylinder scaffold exhibited higher osteogenic differentiation compared to the pristine nanofibrous cylinder sample. By incorporating Chinese medicine ginsenoside Rg1, sustained release was achieved in composite meshes. Rg1-containing nanofibrous meshes and Rg1 gradient cylinders enhanced the cell proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The developed fibrous scaffold may provide structural, compositional, and chemical gradients for bone regeneration. BRIEFS Structural and chemical gradient fibrous scaffold fabricated by co-electrospinning.Bone cements with the feature of easily shaping could ideally match the defect site and prevent the ingrowth of fibrous tissue. In this manuscript, a biodegradable tricalcium silicate (C3S)/glucono-delta-lactone (GDL)/calcium sulfate dihydrate (CSD) organic-inorganic composite cement was fabricated with shorter setting time (less than 15 min) and high preliminary mechanical property (5.27 MPa in the first hour). Many methods were applied to study the physicochemical and biological properties of the cement in vitro. The weight loss in PBS can reach 58% after 12 weeks soaking indicating the better biodegradability. The excellent bioactivity in vitro was emerging after the cement was soaked in the simulated body fluid. The cell experiments showed that suitable concentration of the extract liquid of cement was conducive to the proliferation, differentiation and extracellular matrix calcification of the mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Briefly, the C3S/GDL/CSD composite cement would have the bright capacity for bone filling.Dual-doped hydroxyapatite (Ce4+/Si4+ doped HAP) coating with admirable bacterial resistance and enriched bioactivity was fabricated via spin-coating technique. In this study, Ce/Si co-doped hydroxyapatite was coated on Ti-6Al-4 V substrates as a triple layer with extreme centrifugal force (2000 RPM, 3000 RPM and 4000 RPM) to improve the biological performance of the coating in terms of enhanced bone apposition. Further, the coated substrate was characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM-EDS techniques. The contact angle of the coating was measured through the sessile drop method and in vitro biomineralization was carried out in SBF solution to predict the apatite formation on the surface of the coated implant. Pathogen restriction behaviour of the coating was studied using gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. Among these, gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli revealed greater inhibition than other bacteria. In vitro cell viability assay using MG-63 osteoblast cell was performed for the optimised coating acquired at 4000 RPM and the result showed excellent biocompatibility towards the cell line. Corrosion resistance behaviour of the coating using Polarization and EIS study exhibited excellent corrosion resistance. Therefore, based on the in vitro studies, the designed multifunctional coating can act as a potential biomaterial in the field of biomedical engineering.The natural product emodin (EO) exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenesis and antineoplastic properties in vitro and in vivo. Due to its biological properties as well as its fluorescence, EO can be useful in pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. To enhance its selectivity to cancer cells, EO was loaded into non-fluorescent and novel fluorescent spherical mesoporous nanoparticles bearing N-methyl isatoic anhydride (SNM~M) or lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl moieties (SNM~L). The propylamine functionalized mesoporous silica nanomaterial (SNM) were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen gas sorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescence spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and UV spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity of EO-loaded nanoparticles was tested against the human colon carcinoma cell line HT-29. Non-loaded SNM did not affect cell proliferation, whereas those loaded with EO were at least as efficient as EO alone. It could be shown by fluorescence microscopy that the uptake of silica nanomaterial by the tumor cells occurred within 2 h and the release of EO occurred within 48 h of treatment. Flow cytometry and Western blot analysis showed that SNM containing EO induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells.Regarding side effects of commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs on normal tissues, researchers introduced smart delivery and on-demand release systems. Herein, we applied a bivalent aptamer composed of ATP and AS1411 aptamers for separate targeting and gating of mesoporous silica nanoparticles in a ladder like structure with one bifunctional molecule. First part of the apatmer, AS1411, direct the delivery system to the desired site while the second part, ATP aptamer, opens the pores and release the drug just after penetrance to the cytoplasm ensuring delivery of DOX into the tumor cells. This approach faced the previous challenge of coincident targeting and gating with one aptamer. Our results demonstrated that the proposed nano-system remarkably accumulated in cancer tissue and released the drug in a sustained pattern in cancer cells. It was notably effective for inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and tumor growth inhibition without any significant side effect on normal cells and organs. Moreover, Si-cs-DOX-AAapt improved the mice survival time compared with free doxorubicin and there was no significant change in weight of mice administered with the targeted formulation. This report may open new insight for providing smart delivery systems for successful cancer treatment by introducing separate gating and targeting property by a bivalent aptamer to increase the control over drug release.Hyaluronic acid (HA) has a key role in cancer progression. The HA's molecular weight (Mw) is altered in this pathological state increased concentration of shorter fragments due to the overexpressed hyaluronidases and ROS. Aiming to mimic this microenvironment, we developed a Layer-by-Layer (LbL) platform presenting HA of different Mws, namely 6.4, 752 and 1500 kDa, to study the influence of HA Mw on the formation of focal adhesion sites (FAs), and the involvement of paxillin and CD44 in this process. Selleck BAY 2416964 High paxillin expression and formation of FAs, via CD44, is observed for MKN45 cells seeded on LbLs presenting HA 6.4 kDa, with the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway, responsible for cell motility and tumour progression. In contrast, activation of p38 pathway, usually related with cancer latency, is observed for cells seeded on LbLs with high Mw HA, i.e. 1500 kDa. Overall, we demonstrate the suitability of the developed platform to study cancer invasiveness.Cellular therapy, whereby cells are transplanted to replace or repair damaged tissues and/or cells, is now becoming a viable therapeutic option to treat many human diseases. Silicones, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), consist of a biocompatible, inert, non-degradable synthetic polymer, characterized by the presence of a silicon‑oxygen‑silicon (Si-O-Si) linkage in the backbone. Silicones have been commonly used in several biomedical applications such as soft tissue implants, microfluidic devices, heart valves and 3D bioscaffolds. Silicone macroporous bioscaffolds can be made with open, interconnected pores which can house cells and facilitate the formation of a dense vascular network inside the bioscaffold to aid in its engraftment and integration into the host tissue. In this review, we will present various synthesis/fabrication techniques for silicone-based bioscaffolds and will discuss their assets and potential drawbacks. Furthermore, since cell attachment onto the surface of silicones can be limited due to their intrinsic high hydrophobicity, we will also discuss different techniques of surface modification. Finally, we will examine the physical (i.e. density, porosity, pore interconnectivity, wettability, elasticity, roughness); mechanical (tension, compression, hardness); and chemical (elemental composition-properties) properties of silicone bioscaffolds and how these can be modulated to suit the needs for specific applications.Cell-based therapies have recently emerged as promising strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising cell type that represent a class of adult stem cells characterized by multipotency, high proliferative capacity, paracrine activity, and low immunogenicity. To improve the functional and therapeutic efficacy of MSCs, novel biomaterials are considered as scaffolds/surfaces that promote MSCs growth and differentiation. One of them are graphene-based materials, including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Due to the unique physical, chemical, and biological properties of graphene, scaffolds comprising GO/rGO have been examined as novel platforms to improve the differentiation potential of human MSCs in vitro. We verified different i) size of GO flakes, ii) reduction level, and iii) layer thickness to select the most suitable artificial niche for MSCs culture. The results revealed that graphene-based substrates constitute non-toxic substrates for MSCs.
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