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Circ_0037078 encourages trophoblast cellular growth, migration, breach and angiogenesis by miR-576-5p/IL1RAP axis.
heir efficacy in a range of different animal production applications.Carotenoids exist in pro- and eukaryotic organisms, but not in animals (with one exception). Their biosynthesis evolved from a common ancestor of Archaea and Bacteria and via the latter by endosymbiosis to algae and plants. The formation of carotenoids in fungi can be regarded as a lineage from the archaea. This review highlights the distribution and evolution of carotenogenic pathways in taxonomic groups of prokaryotes and eukaryotes with a special emphasis on the evolutionary aspects of prominent carotenogenic genes in relation to the assigned function of their corresponding enzymes. The latter aspect includes a focus on paralogs of gene families evolving novel functions and unrelated genes encoding enzymes with the same function.Pathways for xanthophyll metabolism have been proposed on the basis of several oxidation products of dietary xanthophylls detected in the tissues of fish, birds, and human subjects. No enzyme reaction had been characterized as responsible for the pathways until a mouse liver homogenate was found to oxidize the 3-hydroxy β-end of xanthophylls to a 3-oxo ε-end in the presence of a cofactor, NAD+. This oxidation consists of dehydrogenation to an unstable intermediate having a 3-oxo β-end group and the subsequent migration of a double bond. β,ε-Caroten-3'-one, a metabolite of β-cryptoxanthin, was found in human plasma, indicating that the same oxidative activity as that found in the mouse liver works in human tissues.The oxidative cleavage of carotenoids is mediated by two dioxygenases a central cleavage enzyme and an asymmetric cleavage enzyme. In mice, the latter enzyme was suggested to eliminate carotenoids in tissues, while in humans, this enzyme is inactivated, resulting in carotenoid accumulation. In this chapter, carotenoid metabolism in mammals is described in terms of the oxidation of functional groups and cleavage of the carbon skeleton.Terrestrial animals, especially insects, contain various carotenoids that show structural diversity. These animals accumulated carotenoids derived from plants and other animals and modified them through metabolic reactions. Therefore, most of the carotenoids found in terrestrial animals originated from plants. Conversely, recent investigation revealed that some species of aphids and spider mites synthesized carotenoid themselves by carotenoid biosynthetic genes, which were horizontally transferred from fungi. In this chapter, carotenoids in terrestrial animals are described from the viewpoints of natural product chemistry, metabolism, food chain, and chemosystematics.Aquatic animals contain various carotenoids that exhibit structural diversity. These carotenoids originate from algae or partly from some bacteria. Herbivorous animals directly ingest carotenoids from dietary algae and metabolize them. Carnivorous animals ingest carotenoids from dietary herbivorous animals and metabolize them. Therefore, carotenoids found in these animals reflect the food chain as well as the metabolic pathways. Carotenoids in aquatic animals are described from the viewpoints of natural product chemistry, metabolism, food chain, and chemosystematics.Cladosiphon (C.) okamuranus, a brown alga endemic to the Nansei Islands, Japan, has been conventionally ingested as food. Nowadays, it is a major aquatic product of the Okinawa Prefecture with an annual production of around 20,000 tons. The life cycle of C. okamuranus comprises the macroscopic sporophyte (algal body) generation and the microscopic gametophyte generation. The germlings in the latter generation can proliferate when floating in seawater. This floating form has been exploited in techniques involved in the commercial production of C. okamuranus seedlings.Brown algae contain fucoxanthin, a carbonyl carotenoid known to have anticancer, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic effect in addition to the anti-oxidation effect. We found that the fucoxanthin content of cultivated floating form of C. okamuranus discoid germlings becomes up to 50 times that of the mature alga. Since the discoid germlings repeatedly grow like microorganisms, although they are large algae, they are utilized to produce fucoxanthin. We d edible green alga, Codium intricatum, which is uniquely producing a carbonyl carotenoid, siphonaxanthin. This has several anti-disease effects and is also a primal photosynthetic pigment which is found bound to photosynthetic antenna complex usually called siphonaxanthin-chlorophyll protein (SCP). We are working on the improvement of productivity, scale-up of production, and development of cultivation technology of new macro algae.Paracoccus carotinifaciens is an aerobic Gram-negative bacterium that exhibits motility by a peritrichous flagellum. It produces a carotenoid mixture containing astaxanthin as the main component. Selective breeding of P. carotinifaciens has been performed using classical techniques for mutation induction, such as chemical treatment and ultraviolet irradiation, and not using genetic engineering technology. The commercial production of astaxanthin with P. carotinifaciens has been established by optimizing fermentation medium and conditions in the process. Dehydrated P. carotinifaciens is used as a coloring agent for farmed fish and egg yolks. Compared with the administration of chemically synthesized astaxanthin, dehydrated P. Guttatic Acid carotinifaciens imparts more natural coloration, which is favored by consumers. In addition, astaxanthin-rich carotenoid extracts (ARE) derived from P. carotinifaciens are developed for human nutrition. Animal and clinical studies with ARE for evaluating its efficacy have been conducted and suggested that ARE would be useful for preventing anxiety, stomach ulcer, and retinal damage, as well as improving cognitive function. link2 The efficacy is anticipated to result from not only astaxanthin but also other carotenoids in ARE, such as adonirubin and adonixanthin, in some studies. Hence, astaxanthin commercially produced with P. carotinifaciens has been applied widely in animals and humans.This is an overview of the potential of Haematococcus pluvialis for use in the commercial production of natural astaxanthin, along with a survey of mass culture methods that utilize the characteristics of H. pluvialis. The latest advancements in cultivation methods that incorporate new technologies, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), are outlined. Furthermore, the differences in culture conditions that may affect the product quality required to meet the standards for its use as a health supplement ingredient are discussed. Additionally, insights are provided on some of the current avenues of research and the future of astaxanthin cultivation.The use of pediatric computed tomography (CT), a valuable imaging tool, has been increasing rapidly. The present study examined radiation exposure in non-irradiated fields of CT scans in pediatric patients using a 7-year-old child phantom. Radio-photoluminescence glass dosimeters were placed in the insertion ports of the phantom corresponding to the organs. For the helical and the non-helical scans, the doses to the head in the irradiation field were 54.6 mGy and 53.4 mGy, respectively. The dose measured for the helical scan was 2.3% higher than that for the non-helical scan. The largest dose was in the thyroid gland, and the doses for helical and non-helical scans were 5.37 mGy and 3.58 mGy, respectively. The difference in the dose between helical and non-helical scans was 1.79 mGy. The dose measured for the helical scan was 50% higher than that for the non-helical scan. The dose to which the thyroid gland was exposed outside the irradiation field in the head CT scan was 5.37 mGy using the helical scan method. The excess relative risk per gray increased by 3-5.5% if the excess relative risk per gray was 5-10. Decreasing the dose to the thyroid gland, which has a high risk of cancer after radiation exposure, is desirable. The dose to the thyroid gland was higher in the helical scan than in the non-helical scan. This is probably because overscanning, which is unique to helical scanning, increases the exposure dose outside the irradiation field.
Shortly after the 2020 US election, initial evidence on first-generation COVID-19 vaccines showed 70-95% efficacy and minimal risks. Yet, many US adults expressed reluctance.

The aim of this study was to compare persons willing and unwilling to be vaccinated against COVID-19 and to estimate the effects of vaccination attributes on uptake proof of vaccination, vaccination setting, effectiveness, duration of immunity, and risk of severe side effects.

Between 9 and 11 November 2020, 1153 US adults completed a discrete choice experiment (DCE) on Phase 2 of the CDC Vaccination Program (August 2021). Each of its eight choice tasks had three vaccination alternatives and "no vaccination for 6months." An opt-out inflated logit model was estimated to test for respondent differences and attribute effects.

Respondent demographics were unrelated to one's willingness to be vaccinated (p value 0.533), but those with less education were more likely to be unwilling (p < 0.001). Among those willing, uptake ranged fris well below the 75-90% needed for herd immunity. Further health preference research is necessary to uncover and address unwillingness and reluctance to vaccinate against COVID-19.Mutations in CLN3 (OMIM 607042) are associated with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (JNCL)-a rare neurodegenerative disease with early retinal degeneration and progressive neurologic deterioration. The study aimed to determine the underlying genetic factors justifying the NCL phenotype in a large Iraqi consanguineous family. Four affected individuals with an initial diagnosis of NCL were recruited. By doing neuroimaging and also pertinent clinical examinations, e.g. fundus examination, due to heterogeneity of neurodevelopmental disorders, the proband was subjected to the paired-end whole-exome sequencing to identify underlying genetic factors. The candidate variant was also confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Various in silico predictions were used to show the pathogenicity of the variant. This study revealed a novel homozygous frameshift variant-NM_000086.2 c.1127del; p.(Leu376Argfs*15)-in the exon 14 of the CLN3 gene as the most likely disease-causing variant. Three out of 4 patients showed bilateral vision loss ( less then  7 years) and retinal degeneration with macular changes in both eyes. Electroencephalography demonstrated the loss of normal posterior alpha rhythm and also low amplitude multifocal slow waves. Brain magnetic resonance imaging of the patients with a high degree of deterioration showed mild cerebral and cerebellar cortical atrophy, mild ventriculomegaly, thinning of the corpus callosum and vermis, and non-specific periventricular white matter signal changes in the occipital area. The novel biallelic deletion variant of CLN3 was identified that most probably led to JNCL with variable expressivity of the phenotype. This study also expanded our understanding of the clinical and genetic spectrum of JNCL.Progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PMEs) are a group of disorders embracing myoclonus, seizures, and neurological dysfunctions. Because of the genetic and clinical heterogeneity, a large proportion of PMEs cases have remained molecularly undiagnosed. The present study aimed to determine the underlying genetic factors that contribute to the PME phenotype in an Iranian female patient. We describe a consanguineous Iranian family with autosomal recessive PME that had remained undiagnosed despite extensive genetic and pathological tests. link3 After performing neuroimaging and clinical examinations, due to heterogeneity of PMEs, the proband was subjected to paired-end whole-exome sequencing and the candidate variant was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Various in-silico tools were also used to predict the pathogenicity of the variant. In this study, we identified a novel homozygous missense variant (NM_032737.4c.472C > T; p.(Arg158Trp)) in the LMNB2 gene (OMIM 150341) as the most likely disease-causing variant. Neuroimaging revealed a progressive significant generalized atrophy in the cerebral and cerebellum without significant white matter signal changes.
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